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Second Edition. 

RUDIMENTS 



OP THE 



GREEK LANGUAGE : 



ARRANGED FOR 



tffct jlttttonfs at |urpla Coll^f, Baltimore. 



UPON THE BASIS OF WTTENHA1L. 



*%£. 




BALTIMORE: 
PUBLISHED BY JOHN MURPHY & CO. 

No. 178 MARKET STREET. 

PITTSBURG.. ..GEORGE QUIOLEY. 

Sold by Booksellers generally. 

1855. 



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rl 



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SS<^ 



Ertered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, by 

JOHN MURPHY & Co. 

Sn the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 

Eastern District of Maryland. 



PREFACE. 



It is not intended by this publication to present a 
new Greek Grammar to the classical student ; after 
the elaborate volumes of Matthiae, Buttman, Kuhner, 
Gail, Burnouf, and other scholars of Germany and 
France, it would be altogether vain to expect any 
new discovery in that language. The most that we 
can do is to avail ourselves of their labours in order 
to smoothe the difficulties which are usually met in its 
study. The greatest of these we have learned from a 
long experience in teaching, is the large size of the 
grammars which are put in the student's hands when 
he commences. Excellent as these may be for the 
professor or more advanced scholar, they only tend 
to deter the beginner from approaching it. We trust 
that this will be obviated by the present compendium, 
in which we have endeavoured to comprise within as 
short a compass as possible all that is of absolute 
necessity to the learner. If it induce him to apply 
with more alacrity to study a language second to 
none in the literary beauties and treasures which it 
contains, our intentions will have been amply fulfilled. 



THE LETTERS 

OP 

THE GREEK ALPHABET 

ARE 
TWENTY-FOUR IN NUMBER, viz:— 



NAME. 

A 


FORM. 

A 


POWER. 




f 


N 


r N 
Caps. Sm. Let. 


f 

In sound. In 


> 

number. 


Alpha 


*AX<pa 


A a 


a 


1 


Beta 


Brpa 


B fi 6 


b 


2 


Gamma 


rdflpLCL 


r r 


g hard 


8 


Delta 


MXra 


A d 


d 


4 


Epsilon 


y E^'tkov 


E e 


e short 


5* 


Zeta 


Z^za 


z c 


z 


7 


Eta 


"lira 


H r> 


e long 


8 


Theta 


Or^ra 


G # 


th 


9 


Iota 


J Iwra 


I c 


i 


10 


Kappa 


Kd-iza 


K x 


k 


20 


Lambda 


Ad/iftda 


A A 


1 


30 


Mu 


Mb 


M ii 


m 


40 


Nu 


No 


N v 


n 


50 


Xi 


Or 


s e 


X 


60 


micron 


W/nxpov 





short 


70 


Pi 


m 


II 1Z 


P 


80 


Rho 


i Pa> 


p p 


r 


100 


Sigma 


Iry/ia 


I <r $ final 


s 


200 


Tau 


Tau 


T r 


t 


300 


Upsilon 


e T(pdov 


r u 


u 


400 


Phi 


01 


<p 


ph 


500 


Chi 


X'L 


* X 


ch 


600 


Psi 


Wi 


'F 4, 


ps 


700 


Omega 


*Qfj.(ya 


11 (1) 


long 


800 



6 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

The letters are divided into Vowels and Consonants. 

There are seven Vowels; two long, ^, m — two short, e, o 
— three doubtful, «, i, o. 

From Vowels are formed Diphthongs : of these there are 
twelve ; six proper, at, ao, ot, eu, ot, ou ; and six improper, 
7]u, oiy wo, a, #, (py c being subscribed. 

Of Breathings. 

The Breathing is of two kinds, smooth (') and rough Q. 

1. Every Vowel or Diphthong at the beginning of a word, 
is marked with either a smooth or rough Breathing : as, 
opoq, a mountain ; opog, a boundary. T is always marked 
with a rough, as vtco, under : so also the semi-vowel p ; but 
if it be doubled in the middle, the first is marked with a 
smooth, and the second with a rough Breathing, as eppeov. 

Of Accents. 

There are _ three Accents : the Grave ( x ), falling on the 
last syllable only ; the Acute ('), on any of the last three ; 
the Circumflex (~), on the last, or last but one. 

The Grave is understood on every syllable where there is 
no accent, and is therefore called the Syllabic tone. 

The Apostrophe shews, that a, e, t, o, at, or or, is cut off 
on account of a Vowel or Diphthong following any of them 
at the end of a word : as xar aurov, for xard abrbv ; &AA y kyw, 
for aXXa iyw. 

A word, accented on the last syllable, is called Oxytone. 

A word not accented on the last syllable, is called Bary- 
tone. 

Of Consonants. 

There are seventeen Consonants, which are divided into 
Semi-vowels and Mutes. 

The Semi-vowels are divided into double letters, C, ? , <f> ', 
and liquids, X 7 p., v, p ; q is an independent letter. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
The Mutes are nine: 



3 smooth..../ 


m 


7. 


T 


3 middle 


fi 


r 


3 




3 aspirates 


<P 


X 


6 





A smooth Mute is changed into its corresponding Aspi- 
rate whenever the following Yowel or Diphthong is aspi- 
rated : t:Tj xr, are changed into <p d, yO : as vbyff (for vbx.ro) 
oXrjVj r{<fO^ (for Ttaore) outoj. 

r before another y, x, %, or f, is pronounced like v : as ; 
SyyeAaq, pronounced avysXoq. 

The Double Letters are formed from the Mutes, by add- 
ing a ) thus, cj is equivalent to izo, /2<r, or <p<j ; and so also ?, 
to XV, y<j } or %<j ) and £, to r<r, drr, or 0<j. 

Of Punctuation. 
There are four Points or Stops : the Comma, marked 
thus (,) ; the Colon, at the top of the line : as auroq- ; the 
Period or Full Stop (.); the Note of Interrogation (;). 

The Parts of Speech are Eight: 

Article, Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Con- 
junction, Preposition. 

There are three Numbers : Singular, Dual, Plural. 

There are five Cases, viz. : Nominative, Genitive, Dative, 
Accusative, Vocative. 

There are three Genders : Masculine, Feminine, and 
Neuter. 

The Article is two-fold ; Prepositive or Demonstrative, 6, 



8 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Dual. 


» 


Plural. 




N. A. G. D. 


N. 


G. 


D. 


A. 


TO), TOWj 


oi, 


rajv, 


roTq, 


Tobq, 


T«, TOUV, 


at, 


TWV, 


reus, 


To\q } 


TWj rdtv. 


ra, 


ra>v ; 


TO~iq, 


rd. 


0), OLV, 


0% 


wv, 


olq, 


ouq, 




a% 


WVj 


cftq, 


«?. 


a), oh. 


a 

a, 


d)V) 


oU, 


a. 



j} } to (this or the) ; Subjunctive or Relative, 6V, rj } 8 (who 
or what).* 

Singular. 
N. G. D. A. 

MaSC. 6, TOO, TO), TOV, 
Fem. 7], TTjS, T?j, TTjV, 
Neut. TO, TOO, TW, TO. 



Masc. dq, oo y ajj b\, 
Fem. y, fjq, \ yv, 
Neut. o } oo, S, 8. 



In like manner are declined oanzp, fjTiepj o-xep) and the 
oq of offTcsj which see elsewhere. 

OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 

There are six Declensions, — three of Simples, and three 
of Contracts : the first two of Simples do not increase in the 
Genitive case ; the third increases in the Genitive. 

The First Declension 
Contains Nouns of two Genders, and four terminations in 
aq and yq of the Masculine, and in a and -q of the Feminine; 
the declining of Masculines and Feminines varies a little in 
the Singular, but is the same in the Dual and Plural. 

Masculine. 
Sing. N. (1) 6 Ta/it-aq, G. -oo, D. -a, A. -av, V. -a. 
Dual N. A. V. ra> Tafxi-a, G. D. -ouv. 
Plur. N. 6i Ta^i-aiy G. wv, D. aiq } A. -aq, V. at, 



* The Article has no Vocative, but the Adverb of Calling (<5) supplies 
the defect. 
(1) A butler. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 9 

Sing. N. (1) 6 TeXm-r^ G. -ou, D. -•%, A. *p>, V. ->?. The 
rest as if in aq. 

Sing. N. (2) y Mobc-a, G. -r^q, D. -yj, A. av, V. -a, &c. 

Sing. N. (3) j 7*4*$, G. -fo D. -£, A. -r y v, V. -tf. The 
rest as if in a. 

The Dative Singular, in the first and second Declensions, 
has i subscribed to the final letters, a, -q, w. 

Iota is subscribed, either for distinction of Cases, as ra/ii'a 
in Dat. Sing., or on account of contraction : as xipa't, nip*} 
t is written under the syllable from which it has been re- 
moved. 

Nouns in r^q, r^q, and Gentiles in O^q, and also the com- 
pounds from t:w)Jw, to sell, fierpia), to measure, and rp{ t 3co, 
to rub, form the Voc. Sing, in a short : as a> carpd-a, l~i<j- 
rdra, Ixuda. But those in arr^q have y and a : as Ir^zr^, 
a robber ; Voc. bqari), and kr^rd. 

Words ending in da, Oa, pa, and a pure, make the Gen. 
Sing, in aq, and the Dat. in a: as Arjda, -aq, -a; "Axa>0a, 
~aq, -a) a II/iepa, -paq, -a; <Pu{a, -aq, a. 

A letter or syllable is called pure, when it follows a Vowel 
or Diphthong. 

The Second Declension 

Comprehends Nouns of two terminations in oq, of the 
Masculine and Feminine, and in ov, of the Neuter. 

Masculine. 

Sing. N. (4) 6 A6-yoq, G. -you, D. -yw, A. -yov, V. ~ye. 
Dual N. A. V. rib Aoyoj, G. D. roTv Ifyotv. 

Plur. N. <>l Aoyoc, G. -ytovy D. -yotq, A. -yooq, V. -y<n. 



(1) A publican. (2) A song. 

(3) Ilonour. (4) A word. 



10 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Neuter. 
Sing. N. (1) to Mirp-ov, Gr. -ow, D. -u), A. -ov, V. -o\>. 
Dual N. A. V. to) Mirpa), G. D. row fiirpotv. 
Plur. N. ra Mirp-a, Gen. -a>v, D. -o^, A. -a, V. -a. 

Some Nouns of this Declension produce new forms, pro- 
perly Attic, by changing o pure into w, and the penultimate 
#, or at, into e: as, Xaoq, Xewq; dvwycuov, avcbyew, and are 
declined in the following manner : — 

Masculine. 
Sing. D. (2) 6 As-wq, Gr. -a>, D. -o>, A. -o>v, V. -w^. 
Dual N. A. V. tw As-w, Gr. D. row Xe-wv. 
Plur. N. of As-ujj Gr. -wv ; D. -a)g, A. -fag 9 V. -5. 

Neuter. 
Sing. N. (3) to 9 Avw-yewu } Gr. -yew, D. -yew, A. yew, V. 
-yew. 

Dual. N. A. V. TO) 'AvCD-ysco, Gr. D. rolv dv(o-y£<pv. 

Plur. N. rd 'Avd-yea), G. -y£(ov, D. yews, A. -yew, V. -yew. 

Some Nouns, which have not the last Vowel pure, follow 
this form, except that their accusative singular terminates 
in a) : as, aXwq, Xaycbq) "Ewq, the morning, makes v Eco in the 
Accusative: "AtloXXws, Acc. v AkoXX<d) "Adwq, Ace. "Adco. 

N. B. The Nom., Acc, and Voc. of Neuter Nouns, are 
the same in the Singular Number ; and in the Plural (ex- 
cept among the Attics), they all end in a. 

The Third Declension 

Has nine terminations; three Yowels, «, t } o, of the 
Neuter, to of the Feminine, and five Consonants, v, £, p, <r, 
(pj of any Gender, and increases in the Genitive. 

(1) A measure. (2) The people. (3) An upper room. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 11 

Masculine. 
Sing. N. (1) 6 TttA-v, G. -voc, D. -ve, A. -va, Y. riray. 
Dual X. A. Y. rib Tira-ve, G. and D. roTv rrra-vocv. 
Plur. N. of Ttra-veq, G. -vwv, D. -<n, A. -va^, V. -ve^. 

Neuter. 
Sing. N. (2) ro Zw-fidj G. -riaroz, D. -party A. -ua, V. -£ia. 
Dual N. A. V. TO) Iwa-are, G. and D. (raj/i-drou. 
Plur. N. zd Icb-iiara, G. -iidzcov, D. -/zacn, A. -fiara, 
V. -/zara. 

RULES BELONGING TO THIS DECLENSION. 

The Accusative Singular 

Of the Masculine and Feminine ends in a. 

Exceptions. — 1. Nouns ending in c, after t or u, (except 
eus,) if they form the Genitive in o$ pure, change q in the 
Accusative into v : as, ^ o'i<;, o'ioq, ol'v ', jj ypauc, ypaoq, ypduv. 
But A\q, Jupiter , makes A\a) and Xdaq, a stone, makes laav. 

2. Barytons in tq and uq, declined with o$ impure, have 
the Accusative both in a and v : as, k'pis, strife, epidoq, Ace. 
eptda and Spot} xopoc, a helmet, xopuOuq, Ace. xopuOa and 
xopov. In like manner, xhlz, a key, Ace. xlelda and xhtb ; 
and the compounds from tzous, a foot : as, Oioi-izouq, Ace. 
-Tzuoa, -rjyjv. 

The Vocative Singular 

Is like the Nominative. 

Exceptions. — 1. Nouns ending in q, after t or u, cast away 
S in the Vocative : as, Tldptq, poos, Voc. Ildpt, ftou ; fiaadebs, 
a king, Voc. fiacdvj, except oxy tones in tc and us : as, a> 
C, y la/ibs ', also a» JCOUfj Mouf. 

2. Nouns declined with -vr^ form the Vocative from the 
Genitive, by casting away -zoz : as, 6 y(pw\>, f ip wvo^ } <L yipov ; 

(1) Titan. (2) The body. 



12 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

but those in -etq, evroq, form the Vocative in et and ev : as, 
Tikaxo-eiq, -£vro<?, Voc. w xkaxo-ei and xXdxo-sv. 

3. Barytones in aq -avoq, rp -svoq, wv -ovoq } -wp -opoq, &c, 
form the Vocative from the Genitive, by casting away, oq : 
as, prJTO)p } pvjropoq, w /5r^rop: except IloaeidwVy -tovoq, 116- 
Gsidov, guttip, -fjpoq, (xcorepj which shorten the last syllable : 
as Scoxpdrqq, -£0£, w Zwxparsq. 

The Dative Plural 
Is formed from the Dative Singular, by omitting £, $, 
v, r, and assuming a before t : as, riravt, riraat ; awfiazi, 

If, after this omission, o remains, o is taken for a diph- 
thong: as, Xiovziy Xiooai) in Nouns ending in yp, which 
suffer Syncope, aa is inserted before t : as, 7rar^, 7rarp\ 
TzarpdcFtj but yaar-qpy -rjptn. 

Nouns ending in ?, cp, or q, after a Diphthong, form the 
Dative Plural from the Nominative Singular, by adding t : 
as, xopa%, (1) xdpa%i y fidaiXebq, PaetXeuGi. Except xrelq, (2) 
xziai) izooq, 7zqgi) ooq, (3) <Lgi, and a few others. 

Of Syncope. 

Syncope takes away a letter or Syllable from the middle 
of a word : as, irdpoiq for kraipotq. 

Some Nouns in ^/>, -epoq, are Syncopated in the Genitive 
and Dative Singular: as, izarrjp^ naripoq, izarpbq) so also 
lirjTTjp and yaarrip : in like manner, d^p, (4) unless that for 
the omitted e, it assumes S : as, dvipoq, dvdpoq : and similarly 
dpvoq, and x(xov } xuvoq, &c. 

The Declension of Contracts, 
Nouns are called Contracts in which two syllables are 
contracted into one. 

(1) A raven. (2) A comb. (3) The ear. (4) A man. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 13 

A Contraction occurs either in every Case whose final 
syllable is pure, as in the first and second Declension of 
Contracts, or in a fewer number of Cases, viz. : — in the 
Dative Singular, in the Nominative, Accusative, and Voca- 
tive Plural, as in the third Declension of Contracts. 

r, , f followed by <r, are contracted into eT. 
Ee and ea \ J \ 

i not followed by <;, into 9j. 

There is no difficulty in Contract Nouns of the First and 

Second Declensions, as they are declined like the simples : 

as, fivddj fJLya} vooq, vouq. 

The Third Declension of Contracts. 

Nouns in -r t s are of the Masculine and Feminine Genders; 
in -eg and -oq of the Neuter ; and are declined thus : — 

Sing. Fern. 

N. ^ TptTJp-rfi, (1) the galley. 

Gr. T7 t q TpiTip-eoS) -out;, of the galley. 

D. rrj Tpirjp-ei, ~£ij to the galley. 

A. ttjv Tpirip-sa, -7j the galley. 

V. (h Tptrjp-es, galley ! 

Dual Fern. 
N. A. V. to. Tprfp-esj -y. 
G. D. Taw Tptrjp-iovs, -olv. 

Plural Fern. 
N. at Tpiyjp-Ees, -etq. 
Q. rwv Tptijp-iwVj -wv. 
D. raiq Tpiijp-£(Tt. 
A. ras Tpirjp-Edc;, -«C« 
V. at Tp'.rjp-££q, -£tq. 

(1) A throo-oared galley. 
2 



14 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Sing. Neut. 

N. to Tel%-oq, (1) the wall. 

G. too Tsfy-eosj -00$) of the wall. 

D. to) Tefy-si'j -st, to the wall. 

A. Td TelX'Oq, the wall. 

V. a> T£~t%-o$, wall ! 

Dual Neut 
N. A. V. tco Td x -ee, -7). 
G. D. roTv Tet%"iotv f -o?v. 







Plural 


N. 


tyJ 


Te(x-ea, -77. 


G. 


TCOU 


Tety-iwV) 'Wv. 


D. 


Tolq 


Tety-eGi. 


A. 


TO. 


Teix-sa, -tj. 


V. 


T 

CO 


Tefy-ea, -rj. 



Nouns in eg are of the Masculine and Feminine Gender; 
in eus and us of the Masculine only; and t and o of the 
Neuter ; and are declined thus : — 

Sing. Masc. Sing. Neut. 

N. 6 *0<p-t<;. (2) N. Td Ztfam. (3) 

G. TOu^Ocp-Loq, -ecus. G. too Zlvrjn-tos. 

D. TU) ''Ocp-U, -t } -St. J). TUJ SwTjTZ-U) -C. 

A. TOV *0<f-lV. A. TO 2JlV7]7C-C. 

V. to *0<p-t. V- a) 2uoj7W. 

N. A. TCO *0(p-ie, -££. N. A. TCO 2lV7}7t-l£. 

G. D. toTv J 0<p-ioLv y '£<*)V. G. D. TOiV HtV7)7Z-iotV. 

(1) A wall. (2) A serpent. (3) Mustard-seed. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



15 



Plural Masc. 
N. ol *0<p-izq, -iq, -e«T ; 
6. rStv 'OyAwy, -£cw. 
D. rolq "Oy-iai, -tat. 
A. TOoq*0(p-laq } -tq, -eec 
Y. a> *0(f-izq, -cq, -e«c« 



Plural Neut. 
N. zd ZorJTr-ta, 
G. zwv Ewrpz-iwv. 
D. rolq Eanpc-tft. 

A. rd IivTjTz-ta, 



Nouns in euq, uq, and t>, making the Genitive in eoq, have 
four contractions : ei into et, ee into 77, esq and ea<? into e«s : 
as ; ftaad^bq, a king ; r.pea[3bq, an old man ; aaro } a city. 



Sing. Masc. 
N. 6 fia<rd>-euq. 
G. tod j3a<rd>-£oq. 
D. tw fiaad-ii', -£?. 
A. rov Paad-ia. 
V. & faffd-ed. 



Dual Masc. 
N. A. Tcbfiatjd- 

ee, -?. 
G. D. renv /5a<7r- 



i%r. Masc. 
N. of j3a<Tt?,-ieq, -eiq, 
G. twv ftaffd-icuv. 
D. rolq Pacd.-euGi. 
A. rouq t3a(rd~£aq y -£~iq. 
V. o> (3a.Gd-£eq } -etc. 



Nouns in oc, uo<r, contract only us<r and ua^ into t>^ : as. 
Sing. N. fctfwcj G-. ?£0w?j PL N. frMec, B*j Ace. iy- 

Obaq. vq. 

For the Genitive termination eoq, the Attics write ewq ; 
the Ionics, y^. : as, fiacrdJoq ) Att. Paodltoq; lonice, Pac- 
\%oq. The Ionic r) is preserved throughout, and no contrac- 
tion takes place. 

Neuters of the Third Declension, ending in aq pure, and 
paq y are both syncopated and contracted : as, 





Singular. 




N. 


td y.in-aq. 


N. 


G. 


ToD, -OLT(tq } 


A. 




-aoq, -atq. 


V. 


D. 


to) -art, -aly -a. 


G. 


A. 


to -aq. 


I). 


V. 


w -aq. 





Dual. 

. ro) xep-are, 
-tfc, -a. 
G. ) rofv 'drotVf 
D. ) •do&j ~w>. 



Plural. 
N. rd xep-ara, -aa, -a. 
(x. zwvj -drew, -dojy } 
-wv. 
D. roiq, -atn. 

A. rd -ara, -aa, -a 

V. a) -ara. -aa. -a. 



16 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Irregular Nouns. 



Oioixaq, and others of the First Declension, make the 
Gen. in a. 

UyGouq makes Gen. Dat. and Voc. 'IrjGob, and Ace. Vy- 
gow. Zebq, Gen. Zrjvbq, or Acdg, Dat. Z-rpi, or ACt, Ace. 
Zym, or ALa y Voc. Zed. We also meet Zsbq and Jte, and 
Ace. Zebv. 

Fwrj, yovatxbq, Voc. yovat, Dat. Plur. yuvcufy as if from 

^Vie Genders of Nouns 
Are distinguished by the signification or Declension. 

Irregular, or Heteroclite Nouns, 

Are those which vary from the common forms of de- 
clining : some vary in Gender, others in Declension ; some 
are defective in Cases, others redundant; and some are 
defective in Number. 

Patronymics 

Are names of persons, derived generally from their an- 
cestors or fathers: as, y Ataxidrjq, the grandson of jEacus ; 
AaepTtddyjq, the son of Laertes. 

ADJECTIVES 

Follow the analogy and irregularity of Substantives. 

There are three Declensions of Adjectives, having one, 
two, or three terminations. The first two are declined with 
three Articles. 

1. Adjectives of three terminations end 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



17 



in < 



oGj -T), -ov, according to the form of the first and second 

of Simples. 
aq, -aea, -av, 1 according to the form of the third rod 
etq, -e<r<ra, -ev, j first of Simples. 
os, -eta, -o, of the form of the third of Contracts an I 

first of Simples. 



In ~oq : as, N. xal-bq, (1) -i), ov, G\ xaX-oo, -YjS, oo, &c. 
But Adjectives in os pure, and poq, form the Feminine 
in a : as, aywq, (2) ayta, ayiov * a^O^poq, (3) a^Or^pa, dy&rjpoWj 
&c. Except Nouns signifying the properties of substances, 
in-£oc: as, ypuazoq, iy, -eo^, golden; and Numerals in -ooq: 
as, oydooq, or], (he eighth. But a-looq, a-louq, a-l6r h ? n 
though not belonging to these classes. 









EXAMPLES. 










Singular. 








Plural 








M. 


F. 


N. 






M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


KaA-os, 


-^ 


-ov. 




N. 


xaX-o\, 


-a), 


-a. 


G. 


-OUy 


-fo 


-00. 




G. 


-wv, 


-OJV, 


-a/v. 


D. 


■v> 


-?/> 


~£j. 




D. 


-oTq, 


-dfc, 


-oTc 


A. 


-w, 


M 


-ov. 




A. 


~obq, 


•aq, 


-a. 


V. 


"*$ 


-^ 


-ov. 




V. 


'°h 


-a), 


-a. 




Dual 








Singular. 




N. 


) 








N. 


° Ayi-oq, 


' a j 


-ov 


A. 


> xa?.-ajj 


-«; 


-a>. 




G. 


' -00, 


'-aq, 


'-00. 


V. 


J 








D. 


'-<?, 


r 
"fl 




G. 
D. 


J -*j 


-ah, 


-0~L>. 




A. 
V. 




-a>, 


-OV. 

-ov. 












The Dual and Plural like 














KoJji 


f. 






(1) Fair. 




(2) 


Sac 
2 


red. 

* 


(3) Flowery. 





18 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Singular. 






M. 


F. 


3SP. 




N. Maxp-bq, 


"«; 


-ov. 


The Dual and Plural like 


Gr. ~ou, 


-a?, 


-Ot). 


/ifcdoc. 


D. -£, 


■?; 


-c5. 




a. -&, 


-av ; 


-ov» 




v. * 


-a. 


-ov. 





Note* — ■ AXXoq, nqXtxooroq } Totouroq, and Tocrouroq, make 
in the Neuter both o and ov ; oq, ooroq, abrbq, and lzeivoq } 
make only o. 



make only o 





In aq : as, 






Singular. 




N. 77a?, (1) 


TZaGOLy 


7tav. 


Gr. navrbq, 


TzdGrjqj 


Tzavxoq. 


D. Ttavri, 


TzdGT), 


tzolvtL 


A. ndvra, 


izaaaV) 


7idv. 


V. ndq, 


Dual. 


7iav. 


N. A. Y. 7rdvT£, 


Tzdaa, 


TZaVTS. 


Gr. D. 7TaVTO£V, 


ndaaw. 


7tdi>TOL> 



N. -xdyreq, 

Gr. ndvrwv, 

J). 7za<7ty 

A. xdvraq, 

V. 7ravr£^ ; 



Plural. 

izarrai) 

TZaG&V) 

7rd<Tacq, 

Tzdcraq, 

izdaat) 



Tzdvrcov. 
7zdvra. 

TtdvTd. 



ibut iiiX-aq (2) and rdX-aq, (3) Sing. N. -a^, -arva ; -a\>. 



(1) All. 



(2) Black. 



(3) Wretched. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



19 



Gr. -ax)?, ~a:>r^j -avoq } &C. 

N. tdr^i C 1 ) per**]* Pty*- 



A. -ara ; -atvaj, -av. 
Gr. -dXoUj -dbjS) ~dloo. 
Voc. as Nom. 



The rest as if from iiiyaXoq. 



Singular. 

N. Xapt-etq, -€<r<ra, -tv. (2) 
Gr. zapi-evros, -laor^, -ercog. 

A. yap{-e>7a } -e<r<rcB> } -zv. 

V. yapi-t\> and -e«j -zciGa^ -ev. 



Dual. 
N. A. Y. xapt-evT& } -iaaa^ 

Gr. D. /apt-ircotV) -iGaaW) 



Plural. 

N. xapt-evreSj -e<r<ra*, -£>ra. 

G. yap:-i>ra)v, -zffcrarsj -(>zcov. 

D. ^apt-ewe, -&aa*iq } -eurt. 

A. '/api-Z'sras, -i<7<7az, -svza 

Y. yapL-SsTZZ, -CtfVfltj -€VTO. 



In l>£ : as, o'^^, (3) -£?a, -u ; but -olbz, (4) 7zo)lr n ~olv. 
'0$hz, thorp. 





^ 


Singular. 






Dual. 








M. 


F. 


N. 




M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


'0?-u^, 


-e?a, 


-6. 


N."] 


! 






G. 


■stocj 


-e/ac, 


-*«?. 


A. 


r '«M% 


-eta, 


-fe 


D. 


■#, 


£?, -efa, 


-tf, rf. 


dJ 


1 






A. 
V. 






-6. 

-6. 


G.l 
D.J 


-eo^ 


-ziatV) 


-£oi». 



(1) Great (2) Gracious. (3) Sharp. (4) Much. 



20 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Plural. 





M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


'CfrieSi tff, 


-etai, 


-4*. 


G. 


-£(DVj 


-etcw, 


'i(ov. 


D. 


~£<Tt, 


-eiatq, 


-£ai. 


A. 


-iaq, eTq, 


-etas, 


-£a. 


V. 


~&q } eXq, 


-eiai, 


-ia. 




HoXbq, 


much. 





Singula 





M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


IloXbq, 


7coXXij, 


7T0Xu, 


G. 


xoXXou, 


izoXXyq, 


tzoXXou 


D. 


tzoXXw, 


TZokXfjy 


-koXXCj. 


A. 


7:oXbv, 


tzoXXtjV, 


tzoXu. 


V. 


7:0X0, 


xoXXi), 


ToXv. 



The Dual and Plural (as if from xoXXdq) like xaXoq. 



2. Adjectives of three Articles and two terminations, end 



m < 



M.F. 


N. 




M.F. 


N. 


r ^, 






r detuaq, 


-av. 


oq, 


ov, 




evdoqoq, 


-ov. 


wq, 


WV, 




evyeajq, 


-CUV. 


«ffj 


h 




efyapiq, 


-£. 


oq, 




y as, 6 xa\ ij, < 


„ xai to, 
aoaxpuq, ' 


-ev. 


ouq, 


oov, 




d\nouq, 


-06>V, 


(OV, 


ov, 




eudatfjLiov, 


-ov. 


wp, 


op, 




fieyaXiJTiop, 


-op. 


J«> 


eq > : 




aXridrjq, 


4t. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



21 



Singular. 
N. 'Aeb-as, -ay. 
G. dsb-avroq. 

D. feb-com, 

A. deoMivra, -aw. 

V. aeh-av. 



Plural. 
N. ££ey-ayre?j -avra. 
G. ds£v-dvra>v 

A. azb-avTaq, -avza. 



EXAMPLES. 

N.) . , 
A. j 
GO, , 

v E>do^oq ) glorious. 
Singular. 

G. roD zai r^s za) too hoodoo. 

J). Toi xal T7j xat rip hoo-uj. 

A. rov xal rrfj xal to hdo^ov. 

V. w hoo^j Neuter evdo£ov. 

Dual. 
N. A. V. rib xat zd xat zcb hdo^w. 
G. D. Totv xat raTv xal rotv b>d6£ow. 

Plural. 
N. ol xat at &>tio£ot xai rd hoo^a. 
G. raw xal rwv xal ra)v c>oo;wy. 
D. rolq xa\ rats xal rotq b>do£ot$. 
A. robs xa\ raq bdo^ooq, xal ~a hdu^a. 
V. w hdotjoty Neuter evdo£a. 



Singular. 
M. & F. N. 
N. Euye-wz, -t 

G. -oj. 

D. -W. 

A. -wv. 



Evyeujq, fertile. 

Dual. 
M. F. X. 



Plural. 
If. & F. 



G. 
D. 

A. -w<r, 
V. -w, 



-cow. 

-OK. 



N. 






22 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Eu%apiq } grateful, acceptable. 





Singular. 




I 


)ual. 




Plural. 






M. &F. 


N. 




M. F. N. 




M. &F. 


H. 


N. 

g. 


Euyap-iq, 

-troq. 


-c. 


A. 


L 


N. 
V. 


j "^; 


-era. 


i>. 


-CTl. 




v.. 


) 


G. 


HTU)V. 


- 


A. 

v. 


-era, -Wj 


-!. 


G. 
D.. 


y -ITOIV. 


D. 
A. 


-tat. 

-eras, 


-:ra, 



*Ap/k]Vj masculine. 





Singular. 




Dual. 




M. &F. 


N. 


M. F. N. 


N. 


"AfiH*r 


-£V. 


N -) 


G. 


-evoq. 




A. }■ ■*«. 


D. 


-evt. 




v.3 


A. 
V. 


-£V. 


-ev. 


D.J 



Plural. 

M. & F. N. 

N. -ev£<? ; -eva. 

G. -ivcov. 

D. -£<Tt. 

A. -evaq, -£va. 

V. -eves, -eva. 



"Adazpus, tearless. 





Singular. 




Dual. 






Plural. 






M. & F. 


U. 


M. F. 


N. 




M. & F. 


N. 


N. 
G. 




-0. 


A. [■-<*. 




N." 
Y. 


j -yec, ■ -oe, 


-ua 


D. 


-u'i. 




Y.) 




G. 


-bcov. 




A. 


-uv, 


-u. 


D.J 




D. 


-IHTt. 




V. 


-0. 






A. 


-uaq, -uq y 


-ua. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



23 



Ai-ous, two-footed. 





Singular 




Dual. 




Plural. 






M. &F. 


N. 


M. F. N. 




H. <fcF. 


N. 


N. 
G. 


Alt:-ou<;, 
-odoq. 


-ouv. 


A. [-0^ 


N. 
V. 


J -odes, 


-oda. 


D. 


-ode. 




v. J 


a. 


-(Jowv. 




A. 
V. 


-oda, -ouv 7 

-00$, -0U, 


-ouv. 
-oov. 


D.J 


D. 
A. 




-oda 



EoddcjJMVj happy. 





Singular. 




Dual. 




M. & F. 


N. 


M. F. N. 


N. 


Eudai/i-ujv, 


-ov. 


N o 


G. 


•ovos. 




A. P^^« 


D. 


-<)';'.. 




V.) 


A. 
V. 


-o>a f 
-ov. 


-ov. 


G ' 1 -6voo>. 

D.i 



Plural. 

If. & F. K. 

N. -ov£<r ; -ova. 
G. -ovwv. 
D. -o<rr. 

A. -ovaq, -ova. 

V. -ov£<^, -ova. 



Mzyalrjrwp, magnanimous. 





Singular. 


Dual. 




M. A F. N. 


M. F. N. 


N. 


MzfaXrjr-wf), -op. 


N ) 


G. 


-opof. 


A. \ -<>(''- 


D. 


-ope. 


V.) 


A. 
V. 


-<>(ifl) -Op. 

-op. 


D.i 



Plural. 

M. A F. N. 

N. -opz<z, -opa. 

G. -opwv. 

D. -op<TC. 

A. -opas, -opa. 

V. -<Y>e<T, -o/?a. 



24 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 







'AXyOyjq, true. 






Singular. 


Dual. 


Plural. 




M. & F. JST. 


M. F. N. 


M. & F. N. 


N. 
G. 


-£oq, -ooq. 


A. >-?*) V- 


y J ^ «^ ^T? 


D. 


-£i, el. 


T.J 


G. -iojVj -a>v. 


A. 


-£a, 9j, *iq. 


D.J ' 


D. i<n. 


V. 


-£<Z. 


A. -£ag, -£?<;, -£«,-?. 



Some Adjectives are of one Termination and one Gender 
only : as, N. o rpaojiariaq, oo, wounded, declined as a 
Substantive of the First Declension. To this class may 
be referred, N. 6 Oodpog, oo ; and N. ij doopiq, cdoq, 
impetuous. 

3. Adjectives of three Articles and one termination, end 
in w, p, q, f , or <p : as, 6 xat J} xal to, rptyXw^cv, /idxap, ap- 
iza^, aldioip. 



Numeral Adjectives 
Are divided into Cardinals and Ordinals. 



The Cardinals are 



eis, -one. 
dbo, two. 
rpetq, three, 
riffcapeq, four, &c. 



Sing. N. el<r, fita, £v, G. hoq, fitaq, hbq, D. ivi, p.ta, lv\ 
A. ha, piav, h : it wants the rest In like manner are 
declined its compounds, dodeiq and nydefe, but they have no 
Plural. 

Sing, wanting. Dual, N. A. duo, (Att. Sow,') D. SooTv, 
Fern. SoeTv, D. dual. 

Dual, N. A. aii<pco, G. and D. afupow : it wants the rest. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 25 

Singular and Dual wanting. Plural, X. ol v.'u at zpetc, 
xal to. zpia. Q. zoicus. D. rpi&i. A. zobz xa\ zdz zozTz, 
xa\ zd zpia. 

So also, Plural, N. ol xa\ al ziccanzz, xai zd ziaaaoa, 
Q. Tzcredpajv. D. riffffapat. A. robs xa\ zdz ztcaapaz, xal 
rd ziaaapa. 

The Cardinals from five to a hundred, inclusive, are 
indeclinable: as, icivre, five, ixaro>, a hundred ; but those 
which follow are declinable and regular: as, o\ax6<not, -a:, 
-a, two hundred, 

i-ptuzoz, first, 
ozOzzpoc, second, 
zpizuz, third. 

All Ordinals under twenty, except deozspoz, second, 
tffoofios, seventh, and oyoooc, eighth, end in zoz ; from 
thence upwards they end in oazoz : as, dxoczoz, twen- 
tieth, &c. 

The letters of the Alphabet are used to denote the 
natural numbers. 

Degrees of Comparison. 

There are three degrees of Comparison : the Positive, 
Comparative, and Superlative. 

Adjectives ending in uz, having a long Penult, form the 
Comparative by changing c into zepoz, and the Superlative 
into zazoz : as, ct\rsuz, (1) -ozepoz, -ozazoz. Having a 
short Penult, they change o into w : as, a6<po<; } (2) -wzspoc, 
-wzazuz. Having a doubtful Vowel in the Penult, they 
either retain or change the o : as, h.avoz, (3) -uzzpoz, 
-ozazuZy and -u>zz{>oz, -cuzazoc. 

(1) Venerable. (2) Wise. (3) Fit. 

3 



26 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



'ap < 






■+* 


ecq 


o 




-f-=» 


IS 


2 S 


ooq 


« £ 




*■* -*3 


TjV 


—1 «* 


0)V 


a a 




u» o 


aq 


© 
©, 




<u 


y)s 


^ 
^ 


oq 

V. J 





tiax-ap) -aprepoq, -apraroq. 
yapi-etq, -gcrrepoq, -i^raroq, dropping t, 
yatrr-plq, -tGrepoq, -{(Traroq. 
aTzX-ouq, -ou<TT£poq y -ooGTaroq. 



£ ( ripyVj -eveqj -eviarepoq, (draroq. 
^ ( ffdxppcovj -oveq, -icrepoq, -eezaroq. 

. C fieXaq, -ay, -dvrepoq, -dvraroq. 
' m < euGsfiyq, -eq, -scrrepoq, -iazaroq. 
v. evpuq, -i>, -UT£poq } -uraroq. 



But uq is often changed into eW and ttrroq : as, ei>pbq } (1) 
-tW, -Laroq. And Nouns in £ change sq Plural into -e<rrc- 
poq : as, apTCO^ y (2) apnay-eq, -icTepoq, -{(Traroq. 

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives. 

1. In o<r : as, pddtoq, easy, pacov, paaroq) 6X{yoq y few, 
dki^mvy oXiyicroq. Some Adjectives form the Comparative 
and Superlative in various ways : as, 





a/iewcovj 




ayaawraroq. 




dpeiaJVy 




apiaroq, from "Apyq, Mars. 




fieXriwy, 
ftiXrepoq, 


) 


piXriGToq, from ftiXoq, a dart 




XpStGGCOV, 


) 




dyadoq, 


xpeirrwv, 




xpdriGToq, from xpztwv, a king. 


good. 


xdppaJVy 


) 






XaJtOJUj 




Xd>'i(TToq, from Xa> y to wish. 




XwOJVj 




Xaxrroq. 
r <pipraroq } from <pipo)j to bear. 




(fiprepoq, 




) (piptaxoq. 




< 




V. <pipriGToq. 



(1) Broad. 



(2) Rapacious. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



27 





xaxwrepoq, 


xaxoq. 


xa/.ttov, 


bad. 


yzipw;, 




yepEiatV) 



XaXlGTOq. 



yztpicrzoq. 



fiaxpoq, ( /laxporepoq, 
long. \ pLd&<Tw>. 



pLLXpOS, 

small. 



fl'.XpOTZpoq, 
/IZtOTZpOq, 

kkdGGUJV) 



fiaxpozaroq, 

firjxujToq, from nyxoSj length. 

pLtxporaroq. 

f±£T(JTOq. 

ildyiazoq, from llaybq, small. 
7 t x f .(j7oq } from i\(jgu), to sit low. 



Some Xouns in oq throw away o, others co, in the Com- 
parative and Superlative : as, (fiXoq, (pilrepoq, fiXrarog. 
The Attics form many in oq, by iazepoq and iararoq) 
others by ai-zpoq and aizaroq; a few in (crrepoq and iazarvq. 

2. In aq : as, fiiyaq, great, tizi^wv, and fideewv, ftiytcroq. 

3. In uq : as, r.oXbq, much , xAiwVj and 7tXefov } -hTcrroq. 

Irregular Comparatives in w\> are contracted in the Ac- 
cusative Singular, and in the Nominative, Accusative, and 
Vocative Plural : as, Ace. Sing, rov xai itjv JcXetwa } -oa, 
JttU&tf. N. PL oi xai al icXei o>zq, -ozq, -ouq, xai ra -Xz{<»a, 
-oa, -id. Acc. zobq xa\ zdq -Xziovaq, -oaq, -ouq, xai, rd, &C. 

Voc. as Nom. 

Many Comparatives in wv and imv produce other Com- 
paratives, by changing wv into drepof. as, yzipcov, (from 
xaxuq,) yziporzpoq; {or; changes t and the preceding Con- 
sonant into oa : as, zaylwv, OdcjGiov) SO xpdroq, zpefofOW for 
7. oar iu) 1 ;. 

Many other parts of Speech, besides Adjectives, are com- 
pared in Greek. 

1. Verbs, generally by changing w into repot and raroq : 
as, oznu> ) oznzzpoq, deuraroCj or oq into £(jrz/>oq and €<rca- 
Toq : as, iflfi<*ji£vo$ } Iflfiwfuviarepof) ififiwfieviararos. 



ISO GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

2. Pronouns : as, auToq, auroraroq. 

3. Adverbs : as, avco, dvw-epoq, <bd>Taroq. To this add, 

pdXa, pallor, fiaXitrra. 

xaXd, xdXXtov, xAXXigtcl. 

Ta%a } Tayjov y rd^Kjra. 

4. Prepositions : as, npb, xpoTspoq, TzpoTavoq, npoaToq, 
xpaJToq. 'Yrzsp, v-iprepoq, vizipTaToq, by Syncope vizaroq. 

PKONOUNS 

Are of two kinds : Simple and Compound. 

The Simple are either Primitive : as, tych, go, 00 ; or 
Indefinite : as, deTva ; and these have peculiar forms of 
declining. 

Sing. N. tycb, (1) Gr. £/±ou or [xov } D. lp.o\ or jioij A. £/xe 

or fiL 
•Dual N. A. vaj'c, v<£, Gr. D. vcbr^ v£jv. 
PI. N. ypsTq, Gr. y/j.aJV) D. rjpZv, A. rjpdq. 

Sing. N. <jo, (2) Gr. coo, D. go), A. p£, V. <ru. 
Dual N. A. V. depart, <?<f<p, Gr. D. <r^<5i'v, a<p(j)v. 
PI. N. vpeXq, Gr. £,aaiv, D. &,a?y, A. t$/za£, V. i)p.sTq. 

Sing N. wanting; Gr. o5,~(8) D. ol^ A. f. 
Dual N. A. <j(pojk, <?<pk) Gr. D. <r<pwiv } acpiv. 
PI. N. acptlq, Gr. <7(f(bv 7 D. (Jcpidt, A. ^a<^. 

Sing. Nom. za v t 57 xcu ro feVa (4). Gr. roD xa* r^<r xa} 
roD delvoq, and Masc. dstvaroq. D. ra5 dstvarc, dzZva, xal T7J 
xai tqj dstut. A. rov xai Try xal to dzlva: it wants the rest. 

3 Demonstrative : as, ourpq } this ; heTvoq, he. 

4. Relative : as, aoToq, himself) oq, icho. 

5. Possessive: as, lp.bq } mine; eoq, thine; oq, tJ, ov, his 
own; vcoLTspoq, our; acpwiTepaqj your; ij/iiTepoq, our; 

(1)1. (2) Thou. (3) Of himself. (4) Some one. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 29 

v/ilz£noz, your; cvlzzpoc, their; which are all declined 
like Adjectives in oz : as, fads, mine; l;±r h ifW¥' } but 
tzeivoS) l/.zi\<r h bcetvo'j Autos, oluztj, auzo', and ouzoz, nearly 
in the same manner. 

Sing. N. ouzoz, this; auzr n zouzo) G. zouzou, Tabriz, 
zouzou ', D. zouzoj, zauzr n zouzoj ; A. rourov, zauzrp, touto. 

Dual N. A. V. touto), zauza, zouzoj ; G. D. zouzoiv, zau- 
Tar;, TOOTOIV. 

Plural X. ouzot, auzai, zauza; G. zouzojv; D. zouzoiz, 
zauza :z, zouzo'.z; A. zouzouz, zauzaz, zauza. 

Note. — zauza, these things, should be carefully distin- 
guished from zauza (for za auzo), the same things. 

"Ogziz 
Singular. Dual. 



N. 


oaziz, 


?«*! 


o 

0, Zl. 


N.' 


) 


G. 


OUZl'/OZ, 


i t GTVM)Z, 


OUZ'.VOZ. 


A. 


y thrive } azive, ojzvjz 


D. 


wziXj 


fttXf, 


WZOi. 


V. - 


\ 


A. 


ovziva, 


r^T-m, 


0, Zl. 


G. " 


\ ohzivoiv, ahzivow, 


V. 


IfTtfj 


$™*i 


o 

0, Zl. 


D.. 


ohrtvafv. 



And so on through the Plural, oz and riq being distinctly 
declined, as the Latin respuhlica. 

Note. — For ouzooz and wzwi, the Attic writers used ozou 
and otq)', and arret for a\vm. 

Defective Pronouns. 

!* EpL-WJTOU, ~\ -aUTTJC, -aUTOU. 
lz-avrou* > D. -auTw, -auTr h -auTw. 
1 E-auTou, J A. -auTo'Sj-auTTf;, -auzo. 

The first two want both the Dual and Plural; but lauzou 
has the same three cases in the Plural. 

* For oeavrov and cavrov, wo meet, by the figure Oraxi*, eavrov and 
cvtov, Ac., throughout 

3* 



30 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

OF VERBS. 

Verbs are either Personal, Impersonal, Transitive, or 
Intransitive. 

There are three Voices : Active, Passive, and Middle. 

The signification of the Active and Passive Voices is the 
same as in Latin or English. The Middle Voice (which is 
so called because it has a middle signification between Ac- 
tive and Passive) implies an action reflected on the agent 
himself, and signifies what we do, first, to ourselves, secondly, 
for ourselves. 

There are eight Tenses in the Active Voice, and nine in 
the Passive : Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, First 
and Second Futures, First and Second Indefinites, or Aor- 
ists; to which is added, in the Passive Voice, the Paulo- 
post Future. 

The tenses are, first, either Principal, viz., Present, Fu- 
ture, and Preterperfect, (but in the Passive Voice, Present, 
Preterperfect, and Second Indefinite;) or secondly, Cog- 
nates, which are known from the formation. 

There are five Moods: the Indicative, Imperative, Opta- 
tive, Subjunctive, .and Infinitive. 

There are four Conjugations of Barytons, to which the 
others can be easily reduced. 

A Conjugation is distinguished by the formative letter or 
■characteristic : the characteristic of the Present Tense is the 
letter preceding u) or o/iat y /it or /iat ; the characteristic of 
the Future and Perfect is the letter before the final vowel 
.of the Active Form, 

The characteristic of the Future distinguishes the Conju- 
gations of Barytons; the others, only their own and the 
Cognate Tenses. 

Note. — Verbs might be conveniently divided into two 
dasses, viz., in 10 and in /it) and those in to subdivided into 
uncontr acted , commonly called Barytons, and contracted. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



31 



CHARACTERISTICS. 



Of the Pies. Of the Fut. Of the Perf 



1st Conj. < 



t 3 Xetfim, 

<p YpdcpcO) 

T.T TUTVTQf. 



}<P\ 



ypdil'UJ) 



<P\ 



XiXzica 
pacpa 
ucpa. 



ytypacpa. 



2d Conj. 



* -Xi/.to, 

x Ppb w > 

ad op'jaauj) 

TT OpUTTWj 



r*i 



Xi'=co, 



OpU^OJj 



rx 



Trivia. 

Piflpex*. 

tupuya. 





r 


> 
avuraj, 




avurrto, 




rysuza. 







(JTZZ'JOOJ) 




(j-£>J<jCO ) 




k'tr-suxa. 


3d Conj. -i 


o 


7:£rj0cD) 


><J < 


KXjjet*, 


>.< 


-l-Xry/.a. 




r 


<ppd^co, 




(ppdffu)) 




Tzicppaxa. 




U) 


pure rtio, 




TIG CO } 




rirr/.a. 




\ 


J v. j 




^ 




f 


> 




* > 




r r 




X 


tpdXkm } 




ipOtX&y 




iipaXxa. 




fj- 


vIjilo, 




uefxw. 




vevifirjxoL. 


4th Conj. a 


V 


waivta*' 


* 0) < 


cpastu, 


>*■ 


~i(Sfj.y/.a. 




p 


trxeipw. 




(TTTSpCOj 




E<j-ap/.a. 




pat 

< 


J 




T£/J.CU 3 

-. J 




TcTflTjXa. 



32 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

















^ 
















=1 










a 




§ g | 








^ . S 


.J « 


. to 3 3 >> 0j(O0lh.0jV>U.l, 








§■ 8 § « S ? ■ 8 '§ t 4t* 5 ? « * § i ;. 








1 < ■ 


i i 






f S S 8 ^ 8 f? &\2 






5* 


gT *T uT to gf £ jiT 8 oT cj" £ 

h t* t* fe s £ •** «?* ^ *- 1 






Si 


(o<uojyyoi^^<u(oO O 3 55 © R* R*03 
i i i i iii i o ' * » 
















cc o 








:v 2« :\ >. >■ Q x <u 


^. 2V =V »3 ^ O < > '-^ 

S- 3- §-oQ 3- g- §. o 








CCC555$U>99 


^ c o « c 3 3gq 
















^ - - 
















z> s 














I^O 






e 


• i i 








<Q ' ' • . ' ' ' . 






^ 










Pm -s ^ 
' 'S b b £ ■« b 8 :. . B . « 

5 as O C5 « H © R- R-J2 




o 


^ 


f c ^ C =f S ^ © | if ? 




H 




(ococo5555(ogjOjGjcj5 


Q 


«1 












c* 


3 6 














1 


as 


O 








, 




2" 5" g^ 3~ . . .°t . 




O 




cj aT gj <«T (*T gj <o 'cj Vo ^w ~55 vo 9 9 9 9 9 ^S^S 5 


^ 


o 


^ 


1 I 1 1 










> 

H 
O 

<1 




i? £ $ G g s? l?l£ ^ - ^ .^i?£^l?tpl7^ 


P 


1 


cogjgj5555<ogj<ogj<o9gj^C>5$©©R;R:R5 
i i i i i i i • i •> i i i • i i , i i i 




hj 

o 

o 




v ® - *r f I j? -* ^ s s - 3- s 3. tT - ? 








^s ^ -s v. 


N4J £ J-. O "O Cj O v O v 2> ^3 O Cj O k 3 v 3 Gj 








1- ><0 t- ><L 


^'>oj>ojt-'^l-l-t-l-l-K't'l-l-^^ 
























' : 








> d, 




























Ph 














2 




























a 






a 








hH 








\ 


























hH 





















■^ 














c3 






m 




















S3 




















c 








QO 












o 














OQ 






C3 








<D 












Xfl 














<u 














S-. 












<D 














£ 






CD 








Ph 












k 
s i 

hH h- 


r- 

I— 


DC 

T 

c 

< 

4= 

QE 

i — 


t 


-4- 
C 

PL 


DC 

c 


% 
1 

CM 


H 

< * 

03 £ 


QE 

c 

< 

r- 


17 

T 


Ph 

Or- 


1 

r- 

c 

< 

43 

OE 
r— 


4S 

s 

b 


a 
y 

1 


CZ2 r- 


P. 





GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



33 



INITNIT. Pres. and Imp. r&rr-eev. 1st Fut. ru^-etv. 1st 
Aor. xlxp-ai. Perf. and Pluperf. Teruf-ivai* 2d Fut. and 
2d Aor. Ttnr-iiv. 

PARTICIP. Pres. tuitt-w, -ovaa, -w. G. -ovroq, -ou(jr t <;, 
-ovroq. 1st Fut. TtHpatv. 2d Fut. ru-aJv. Q. oDvroc, ou<rr i q J 
-ouvtoc, <fcc. 

1st Aor. TU(p-aS) -aaa^ ~av. G. -avzoq^ -a<n$c ; -avzos. 
Perf. Part. zezu(f-wc. 

PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 



Singular. 

N. TOTZT-OJVj -outia, 

G. tCmt-ovtog, -outr/jSj 

D. TU-T-O'sZl, -OU07]) 

A. TUTZT-O'sTa, -OLHjOLV. 



Dual. 



-OVTOS. 

-ov. 
-ov. 



^ y zutzt-ovtSj -oDcra, ovre. 

v.) 



P/i/ra£ 

N. TUXT~OVTec } -ouaat, -ov~a. 

Q. TDTCT-OVTWVy -<)>'jfTOJV, -0V7WV. 

J). Tu-T-outT'., -outratSj -ouffi. 

A. rwrr-wTaCj -ou<ras } -o^za. 

V. TtncT-cvreSj -oucaty -ovra. 

In like manner decline rwrtbv, the 2d Aor. Participle. 



PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 



Singular, 

N. zzzucf-tuz, ~ula, -6z. 

Q. T£ZU(f-OZOZj -Ota', -OTO-. 

J). zzzu(f-oz'. } -'■>■'/) -<>~'-- 

A. TtTtxp-oTCLy ~ulav y -OZ. 

V. zezixp-ajz, -ma, -oz. 



Dual. 



A. > rsTU^'OTSy -wc<Xj -ore. 

G. "I Ttvuf-itpV] -uOi'.Vy 
D. J -«tw* 



34 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 









Plural. 








N. TZTLxp-oreq, -uXaiy -ora. 


(jr. T£TU<p-6T(OV) -UtCUV, -OTQJV. 


D. Teruy>~6(Tt } -utatg, -6ai. 


A. T£TU<p-6Tas 7 -uiaq, -ora. 


V. T£TU$P-0T£<r, -Ut0U } -OTOL. 


Second Fut. Part. N. tu~cov, odco., oov) Gr. ovvroq, oimttjs, 


OUVTOS) &C. 


The Vocative of a Participle is the same as the 


Nominative. 


Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 




Ind. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Subj. 


Infin. 


Part. 


Pres. 

Imp. 

Fut.l. 

Aor.l. 

Perf. 

Plusq. 

Ind.2. 


TU7iT(D } 

BTU7ZTOV J 

TU(pU) 
v t 

ezotpa 
rirtxpa | 

krerboeiv J 
erotcov 


runre 

rirocpe 
rbize 


TunrotjiL 
rud'ot/ic 

T£TU<pOifll 
TUTCOl/JLl 


TU7ZTO) 

rud'oj 

zerbcpco 

TUTCOJ 


TtfKTStV 

rixfrew 
rb<l>ai 

rerocpivai 

To-new 


TUTZTIDV 

rb<l>(DV 
rb(paq 

rerocpcbq 

TUTTCOV 


Fut. 2. 


TOTCOJ 




TUTZollU 




TU7Ze1\> 


TUTTWV 



The First Future of the Fourth Conjugation is varied as 
the Second Future totto). Ex. aizepaj, ar^poXixi^ cizzpziV) 
cnepaJv. 

Formation of the Tenses. 

The Present is the root. 

The Imperfect is formed from the Present, by changing 
w into ov, and prefixing the Augment : as, Ztuxtov from 



The Augment is twofold : Syllabic and Temporal. It is 
prefixed to the Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, Paulo-post 
Future, and to the First and Second Aorists in the Indica- 
tive Mood ; in the other Moods, only to the Perfect and 
Paulo-post Future. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 35 

The Syllabic Augment is e prefixed to a Verb, when it 
begins with a Consonant : as, tu-toj, prum*. 

If a Verb begin with p, it is doubled after e in all the 
Tenses which increase : as, fijcrm^ tpfiucrw* 

The Temporal Augment is 5jorw prefixed to a Verb in- 
stead of the initial Mutable Vowel. 

The Mutable Vowels are a, e, o, a:, au, ol) a and £ are 
changed into r n o into oj, i of the Diphthongs being sub- 
scribed : as, ciy.oua), ijzouov j ipetdut y 7}peidov\ dlxiZoj, yztCov * 

Some Verbs beginning with e, take i after e for the Aug- 
ment : as, £/w, eT/oii j ftr«», sTttov and el-a, which preserves 
the Augment through all the Moods. 

If a Verb begin with an Immutable Vowel, it has no 
Augment ; the Immutable Vowels are r tJ '., u, w, e:, eu y ou : 
as, y/.oj) y/.n-y'j otrrdZ**, ooraZov, &c. 

*Aoj, arftiaau), derivatives of obo$ 3 as, *ivao* f and a few 
others, take no Augment. Eu is sometimes changed to r t u : 
as, eu%o/iat, rjoyo;^. 

Augments of Compounds. 
Compound Verbs have the Augment in the middle, if 
they begin with a Preposition, or ob^, or eu before a Mutable 

Vowel: as, HOXf£ft»Aazm 3 zaTTftvtDGZOV ' y duo~ape<7~iuj) oua^plo*- 
rtov ; vjznyiTtu), tinqpfiTsov } with a few exceptions : as, 

d.;j.C'.(T^r l ziaj J tjfi/fUFfhJTeait) &c. 

Prepositions in Composition. 
Prepositions ending with a Vowel, except xpo, Tzep), and 
kpjfiy luse their final Vowel before another Vowel : as, 
i-.iyoj. 

Non. — The o of ~pu before e, generally coalesces with it, 
And produces ou : as, Tzpouru^a^. 

The Verb toctf* (compounded of d;d and oryw) has the 



36 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Augment sometimes at the beginning : as, 1st Aor. ijvoiga, 
John ix. 26; and sometimes between the Preposition and 
the Yerb (with the Attic e inserted): as, aviw^a. John 
ix. 30. 

( r before a Guttural : as, krypdcpa). 
v m composition ' £ T ,. , > "r r 

, _ . J [x before a Labial, or a : as, ku.3a.AAa>. 

is changed into 1 , , a , , ' „ 

\ A before another A : as, (ruXXap.;3dva>. 

and it is omitted before C : as, (ro^reaj. 

The v is resumed, however, before the Augment : as, £/*• 

pdXXujy eviftaXXov. 

'Ez becomes ec before a Yowel : as, iztyepov. 
P is doubled after a Yowel : as, dvappico. 



Is formed from 
the Present, by 
changing the last^ 
Syllable in each 
Conjugation : — 



The First Future 

in the 1st, into 4' 10 : as > tutztwj Tu(pa>. 
in the 2d, into %oj : as, Xirw } Xi^co. 
in the 3d, into aa> : as, ados, claw. 
In the 4th, a> is circumflexed, and the 
penult made short : as, xpim, zptvaj. 



The penult of the First Future of the Fourth Conjuga- 
tion is made short, either by omitting a second Consonant : 
as, ripya> 7 repa> ; or the second Yowel of a Diphthong : as ; 
<pabu>, <pava> ; or by shortening a doubtful Yowel : as, xp[va> } 

Many Yerbs in £>, take ? in the Future and correspond- 
ing tenses : as, (Trypan*, -%a>. 

Some in <j<to) } take <ru> : as, izpaaaa) (to selV), r.pdaa)^ &c. 

When the characteristic of the Present is an Aspirate, 
and that Aspirate is afterward lost, compensation is made 
(when possible) by aspirating the initial of the tense where 
the loss occurs : as, e/aj, e£a) ; rpfyo), 0pica> ) &c. This com- 
pensation is possible in two cases, viz. when the Yerb begins 
with a smooth Mute, and when with an unaspirated Yowel. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 37 

The First Aorist 

Is formed from the First Future, by changing w into a, 
and prefixing the Augment : as, rwpm 7 erofa. 

These five first Aorists do not assume the characteristic 
of the First Future : eOr t xa } edtoxa, 7 t xa, el-a, and fyeyxa. 

* Edrj/.a, eocuxa, and r^.a are formed from the Perfect In- 
dicative; el-a and ijvepca from the Present. 

The penult of the 1st Aorist in the Fourth Conjugation, 
is always long; hence, a is changed into r h e into ec, and c 
or o lengthened: as, ipdlXa> } cWw, hfaXa} fiivw, /asvoJ, 
e/ieoa ; xptvw } xpi/0) y expTva. 

Some drop a : as, yjio, yjixjto, 1st Aorist eyea in place of 
eye u era. 

The Perfect 

Is formed from the First Future, by prefixing the Redu- 
plication, if the Verb begin with a single simple Consonant, 
except />, and changing in the 

1st Conjugation, ^a> into ea; 

2d ^w into ya ; 

3d <jio into xa\ 

4th w into xa) and d> into r t xa. 

Dissyllables of the Fourth Conjugation change e of the 
Future into a : as, trreXB } earaXxa. But e of the Future in 
l±a> is retained : as, vznaj, vevifirjxa. 

Dissyllables in ecW, ivw } oxu, omit v of the Future in the 
Preterperfect : as, xpcv<D } xixptxa; the rest change v into y : 
as, (fa^aj, xiyayxa. 

Reduplication takes place in the Perfect, when the Verb 
begins with a single simple Consonant (except p) : as, r£- 
zo<pa'y with a Mute before a Liquid (except pv): as, yiypacpa 
from ypdifw ; or with put : as, fwdofieU) fiifivyfjuu. 

Note. — The Smooth Mute is used instead of the Aspi- 
rate, as, (fpd~(o } (fpdaojj xifpmxa, to prevent two syllables 

4 



38 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



coming together, commencing with Aspirates. There will 
be no reduplication when a Verb begins with p>, or with two 
Consonants, not a Mute before a Liquid (except [±v) : as, 
(tizeuduj ) or a double Consonant : as, £dco ; in which cases 
the Syllabic Augment merely is prefixed : as, ecnzeuxa, efyxa. 

K is sometimes cast away and the penult shortened : as, 
yiyqxa, yiyaa. 

The Pluperfect 

Is formed from the Perfect, by changing a into ezv, and 
prefixing the Syllabic Augment, if there be a Reduplica- 
tion : as, riro(pa y herbcpetv. 

The Second Aorist 

Is sometimes the same as the Imperfect: as, eypacpov) 
but when the penult of the Present is long, that penult 
must be shortened to form the 2d Aorist : as, tu-tco, ztu-ov. 

The penult is shortened in Consonants, generally by the 



omission of the latter Consonant : 
ecpalov : 

CO 

at 



in Vowels by 
changing 



>into a: as, < 



as, zoTZTWy eruizov] 

X-jOco, eXadov. 
rp coy co , erpayov. 
(paivcOy ecpavov. 
tzoluco, eizaov. 



st into t : as, Xehcoy eXtnov. 



< eu into o : as, cpeuyco, £<puyov. 

Et in Dissyllables of the Fourth Conjugation, is changed 
into a: as, cmeipco, etrnapov) in Trissyllables into e: as, 
ocpetXco, cixpsXov. 

The penult is changed into a: as, rpinco, erpcmov', except 
eXeyoVy k'cpXeyov, eftXeizov, erezov. 

Verbs in Cw, ltltco, and tto), if they have the First Future 
in £w, have the 2d Aorist in yov : as, rdrrco or rdaaco, rdzco, 
erayov ; but those having the Future in ctco, have the 2d 
Aorist in dov : as, cppoJ^co, cppdcrcOj ecppadov. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



39 



The 2d Aorist affords an additional illustration of the 
Aspirate being changed into the Smooth Mute, when an- 
other Aspirate commences the following syllable : as, Od-zw, 
ezacpov, not eOa<pov. 

Some, instead of n, the smooth Consonant of the Theme, 
assume, first, the middle /?: as, ipXafiov, ezpuftov) from 
piriform, xpv-rcp : secondly, the Aspirate <p : as, %<pov, eftacpov; 
from a-raj, fidTZTio. 

Verbs ending in co pure, generally want the 2d Aorist and 
Future, and also the Perfect Middle. 

The Second Future 

Is formed from the 2d Aorist, by changing ov into w cir- 
cumflexed, and omitting the Augment : as, ezwzov, zu~a>. 

The second and third Persons Singular in the Subjunctive 
Mood of every Verb Active, and the second Person Singular 
of Tenses in fiat, have i subscribed to the final letters, a, r h a). 



The Verb ei/A, to la 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense. 
S. ei/it, els or el, £<jz(. 

D. - £<JZO», l(JZOV. 

laze, elat. 

Imperfect. 

7}<z or tjgOol, ?} or ^v. 

%TW % iJTTjV. 

P. ^fi-ev, 7}Ze, 7JGOLV. 

Future. 

S. foofUUj errr n eaezat. 

D. fao/ieOov, £(J£(tOov, eaeaQov. 

P. iaofieOa, ecreoOe, e<ruvzat. 



P. fofiiv, 



S. fc 
D. — 



40 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Pluperfect. 

S. frngv, 

D. ij/iedovj 
P. %*e0a ; 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Present and Imperfect. 



fjrro, 


7jto. 


7)<jd0Vj 


7JG07JV. 


7J(?de 7 


7}VTO. 



s. 





UQi, U0t } 


or effOy 


£<TTO>. 


D. 




eGTOV) 




£<FT(D. 


P. 




eere, 




etrraxrav or £<ttwi>, 




OPTATIVE 


MOOD. 






Present and Imperfect. 




S. 


efyv, 


et%, 




efy. 


D. 




eHrjTOV) 




eiTJTyjv. 


P. 


efyjfieV) 


efyre, 
Future 




e*7]<rco> or elev. 


S. 


laoiyxpy 


e<roiO) 




eaotro. 


D. 


^(TOtJJLSdoVj 


ecTocedoVj 




£<rofo07)\t. 


P. 


kaoiiieda, 


e<joL<rd£j 




£<TOtVTO. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present and Imperfect. 

S. S>, fo I 

D. rjroVy yrov. 

P. wjxev, rjTSj 3><n. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present and Imperfect, 
elvdc. 

Future, 
eaeedat. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



41 



PARTICIPLES. 



Present. 



N. 




ova a j 


if 

ov. 


G. 


OVTOS, 


overly 
Future. 


OVTOq. 


N. 


£(j6/i£voZ) 


i(T0/li>7j ) 


£<r6[l£VOV. 


G. 


laojiivou, 


Igojj.Z'vtjS, 


fcTO/lSVOU 



Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



Iridic. 


Imper. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


Particip. 


Pres. el fit 
Imp. 7}v 

Fut. BfTOfiai 
Plup. rjflTjV 


| tadt, e<rdi, 
\ or eao. 


V 

£'.TjV 


5> 


elvat 
laeaOai 


OJV. 

kGojievos. 



El /it, to go. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 



Present. 



S. e^c, 


elz or e7, 


el<rc. 


D. 


froy, 


*TOV. 


P. f/2£V, 


he, 
Imperfect 


eldij lac, or laec. 


S. eh, 


*u, 


el. 


D. 


*T(tV } 


tTT,V. 


P. <>v, 


V 

ire, 


\<sav. 



4* 



42 







GREEK RUDIMENTS. 








Pluperfect. 




s. 


¥**>> 


-MS, 


-ef. 


D. 


— 


-e^rov, 


~eiT7)V. 


P. 


71-etfiev, 


Second Aorist. 


~et<rav 


S. 


I'ov, 


fe, 


h. 


D. 




feroy, 


liTTjV. 


P. 


hfJLSUj 


fere, 


iov. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



Present. 



S. 
D. 
P. 



S. 
D. 
P. 



?& or el, 


ha). 


rrov, 


fawv. 


fre, 


hw<rav. 


Second Aorist 




h 


Uto). 


hrov, 


Utw. 


hre, 


liraxTcy, 



OPTATIVE MOOD. 



S. ?Olflt, 

D. 

P. lotfxev, 



Second Aorist. 
tots, 

fotre. 



tot. 

*0{T7]V. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



43 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Second Aorist. 



S. *<o, 
D. 

P. LiDfJLBV 



Tyre, 



C7J. 

17)T0V. 

tOMFl. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, 
elvac. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Second Aorist. 
IwVj looao.j lov. 



S. ela, 

D. 

P. e?a/zev ; 



S. jgttvj 

D. 



MIDDLE VOICE. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Perfect. 

elaq, 
efarov, 






eiare, 
Pluperfect. 

fctroVm 

gccrv, 

fa 



e7e. 

e faro v. 
etaurt. 



yet. 

7}£IT7]V. 

fjtCGav, or 



44 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 







a. 
© 










•-. **{©■ 








Cxi 


B ■ . B f f g 

© © 31. 01 © 
« i • lr-» « 


© 

55 TI ©> 
© P © 


1 § § 1 * 

333?f St g - 
^>> o to © w -m 3 £ <3 




S 


to <0 , , CO 

©> Sb cSj -£> <£> 


O <o 

(a q , ©> 
^ T* © 


R- [JCJ 






1 ■ 1 1 1 


R* O <o 
i i— i i 








3 


R* is 

©i to ©i OJ rj ©v, « 






$ ©" ©> ©^ 55 


g3 

* P-( 






<5> <2b 75 73 ^ 


3 


w^ojslcgoj^rv 






v © ^© V- r v ci 


R- «3 


v2l ^ v21 v S-Q: 21 © to 

© NO © to « %) )? 
1 1 1 I 02 I i © 






© © <2b ^ © 


:\ © 3 


3 3 3 <§ F^ ^ S C^ F- 'S 

i i i I to i i © i r£j» i 






(U N(J !>• v> (D 
1 1 1 1 1 


T§^ 








I- 


JS* 


o 

1— 1 




fe © * * © 

<S^i ©^ _? -? ©i 
^ to <§^ to 
GJ Oj ^ S* (O 


© ©5 
^ ^i © 


^ ^ =^ 2< N ^. 

1 m| 11 eel , ii 


o 


^ 


1 1 


pc* 


•+^ 




* 3* S £ ^ 

o © © © © 
©^ Qb ©s ©> C© 


8 

1 

© 

V R- 


© © © 

©i ©i *r3 ©i 
% S ^ s $ 2 

© No © ^ 3 NO 
III ^ 1 1 






<o GJ <o <o (O 

21 21 ^ 3. si 




v © ^© SL Sl^© 


S3 








J>« 




« © « o © 

(, ^ (^ H h 


5^ 








(u cu fci N <o 


R" . *S 


^ R- R* © (o © to S* R* '?* 




ST 

8 
8 


1 E 1 i i 

a « o 

R* © "^^ R* 
i i i i i 


^ S 3 


i i i i i i ©i i ' 

=v to ^ ^ ^ r « ^ 




> 

36 


© j©> 55 R- « 

21 21 SI 21 ^ 

© nj> si si ©* 

i I i" i i 


d 
R- ~ 

» 2^ 


-2- § ^vg-^ 21 © iR5 

© no © w 3 ^J <3 .^ 






S: n a g o 

5 a ^ <o i- 










O |^ %j ^ (u 






(^ "UJ ^ <<() V* 








• : : : : 


O 

:< i 


-*^ i . . ^ 

; co . . * oq 






Indic. Pres.. 
Imperfect . . . 

Perfect 

Pluperfect... 
Paulo-p. F. . 




l Z 1 I I I Z *t* * I • *& 








« S 'g fi "S g-.q S * "§ o g 

<& <£ 3 . ,<» ,2 <d .,0-etj 04 

A ® "S H* A a S J "S OQ P S -g QQ 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



45 



Infinitive Pres. ruizr^adai) Perfect, Tezixpdat. 
Paulo-post Fut. T£Tu<p-£<jdai. 
1st Aor. ro<pd 
2d Aor, 



r. rv<pO ) m f 1st Fut. rocpd ) 

.707: ) 1 2d Fut. TU7Z J ' 



atadai. 



•PARTICIPLES 
Pres. TuxTOfie- 
Perf. zeru/i/ii- 

Paulo-pOSt Fut. TBTUif'bjie- 

lst Fut. TUpdrjffOjjLe- 

2d Fut. TUTZTjCTOflS- 

lst Aor. rocpO- 
2d Aor. tu- 



Gen. -vou, -vrjSj -you, &c> 



ocpO- 1 Nom. -£«;, -elea, -h. 

»7T- j Gen. -&zoq, -zicrrfi) -ivzos, &c. 



Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



Pres. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


TUTTT-Ofiat ") 










Imper. 


-00 


-0 (ttlj V 


-aj/iac 


-taOai 










Perf. 
Pluper. 


riru-fi/iat | 


-(po 


1 eiTjv 


•fi/iivos w 


-(fOai 


Paulo-p. F. 


Teruifr-ofiat 




-Ol/lTjV 




-eaOat 


1st Aor. 


Izuip-O'f^ 


-0r f 7> 


-Oefrjv 


-Oaj 


-drpai 


1st Fut. 


Tucp-OrjfTo/JLai 




-Orjdoiar^ 




-0rj<?z<j0ai 


2d Aor. 


h>j~-r t v 


-r t 0t 


-etrjV 


-0) 


-y^ai 


2d Fut. 


TUTZ-rjfTO/iat 




-rjGOtfirjV 




-r]GzaOai 



Part. Pres. ruKrdp&of. Perf. reru/i/i&ef. Paulo-post 

Fut. T£TU(J'6/j.£';oq. 1st Aor. TixpOsiS. 1st Fut. TUifOr^O' 

jiesuz. 2d Aor. zu-zlc;. 2d Fut. Tum)<r6fi£voc. 



Formation of the Tenses. 

The Present 
Is formed from the Present Active, by changing w into 
ofiai : as, tuztcoj tOxropuu. 



46 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

The Imperfect 
Is formed from the Imperfect Active, by changing v into 
fiyvi as, irunzovj iTOTZTop-qv. 

The Perfect 

Is formed from the Perfect Active, by changing in the 
1 , p . f pure into ppat : as, TiT0<pa, TeTuppat. 

1 impure into pat : as, Tlrepya, rirep/iac. 
2d Conj. %a into ypat: as, k£ke%a c } XiXsypat. 
3d Conj. xa into <jpat\ as, iziizuxa, Tiiizetapat, 
4th Conj. xa into pat : as, e<paXxa, ecpaXpat. 

Verbs of the 3d Conjugation, in w pure, change xa into 
fiat, if the penult of the Active Perfect be long : as, XiXouxa, 
XiXoopat. 

Some Verbs in id pure form the Perfect — 

First, in <rpat, when the penultimate is long: as, yxooxa, 
yjxoucrpat ) SO also, xeXevio, xpova), nata), veto), &c. 

Secondly, in pat, when the penultimate is short or doubt- 
ful : as, rjpoxa, ijpopat ) so also duo), Xuco, 6pdw, izetpdu), &c. 

Thirdly, in apat and pat : as, xixXstxa, xixXetapat, and 
xixXetpat. 

Dissyllables, whose first syllables include r/?e, change e 
into a: as, arpicpco, £<jrpe<pa, IcTpappat. But they resume 
it in the 1st Aorist : as, larp£(pO^. 

Verbs in atvcu and ovco often form the Perfect in apat : as, 
ptaivio, pzpiaapat : poXvvio, pepdXoapat. 

Of the Persons of the Perfect. 

The Second Person Singular is formed from the first, by 
changing the Consonants before at into the characteristic oi 
the First Future Active : as, TiTup.jj.atj Thoipat. In the 4ti 
Conjugation, p is sometimes changed into a : as, ecrnappat, 
zar.apcat* 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 47 

The Third Person Singular is formed from the second, 
by changing a into r: as, ia-apca:, Etarojrroij rirud'a^ 

The Second and Third Persons Dual, and the Second 
Person Plural, are formed from the Third Person Singular, 
by changing the smooth Mutes into their Aspirates: as, 
rin/TTcat, -izucpdov, zizucde. 

In the Imperative Mood, the Second Person Singular is 
formed from the Second Person Singular of the Indicative, 
by changing at into o : as, riru^at, ritwpo. The Third 
Person is formed from the Second Person Plural of the In- 
dicative, by changing e into w : as, rirucO-s, -zzucO-uj. 

The Optative and Subjunctive are most frequently formed 
from the Participle, and = >,>, oj. But if the Perfect Indica- 
tive ends in fiat pure, it is changed into fiyv in the Optative; 
and in the Subjunctive fiat, with the preceding Vowel, into 
Bfiat : as, rerifnjfiat, rertfiijpaqvj xert[i&aat. 

The Third Person Plural is formed from the Third Person 
Singular, ending in rat pure, by placing u before rat : as, 
tixpctatj xixptvrat. But if the Third Person Singular ends 
in rat impure, the Third Person Plural is formed from the 
Participle and the Third Person Plural of the Verb eljtl : 
as, riruTnatj rerufifUvot zini. 

The Infinitive is formed by changing e of the Second Per- 
son Plural Indicative into a: : as, rizoeO-z, zizocpO-at. 

The Pluperfect. 

Is formed from the First Person Singular of the Perfect, 
by changing fiat into /'/,>, and prefixing e, if the Verb begin 
with a Consonant: as, rtfro/i/tot, trervfiurjy, 

Tlu Paula-post Future 

Is formed from the Second Person Singular of the Perfect, 
by inserting ofi before at : as, riruipat, vrctHpofiau 



48 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

The Paulo-post Future may also be formed from the First 
Future Middle, by prefixing the Reduplication, if the Yerb 
admit it : as, rbipopat, rerixpopai. 

This Tense is never found in Yerbs of the Fourth Conju- 
gation, or which have the Temporal Augment. 

The First Aorist 

Is formed from the Third Person Singular of the Perfect, 
by dropping the Consonant of the Reduplication, changing 
rat, into dyv, and the preceding smooth Mute into its Aspi- 
rate : as, riro7ZTat y i~b<pdr}V. 

Three Yerbs assume a : as, eppcorat, IppdxrOrfj • pipv/jTat, 
£/iv7J<t6y]v ) -KiizXrjTai, InX-qadriv. But aiatoarai drops the G l 
as, iawdrp. 

The First Future 

Is formed from the First Aorist by changing v. into <rop.at } 
and dropping the Augment: as, eruydyv, Toydtfaopat. 

The Second Aorist 

Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by changing 
ov into iqv : as, eru7tov } Irbr^. 

No Second Aorist occurs in &jy, dry, ttjv, or from Yerbs 
in o) pure, except hArp, lddr^ } Ippbrp, icpbr^. 

, The Second Future 

Is formed from the Second Aorist, by changing v into 
Go/lac, and dropping the Augment : as, irbnyv, TunrjeopLat. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



49 



MIDDLE VOICE. 
Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



Pres. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


Part. 


runr-oftat ) 


-00 


•otfiyv 


-to/iat 


-ecOau 


-6/ievog 


Imper. 










1 Put. 


TUip-Ofiat 




-OlfLTjlt 




-acrOat 


-o/izvoq 


1 Aor. 


irutfr-dfiyv 


-ai 


-aipoqv 


-oj/ia: 


-aaOai 


-dfisvog 


Perf. 


rizuiz-a ) 










y 


Pluper. 


-£ 


-Otfll 


-co 


-hat 


-cos 












2 Aor. 


iru7:-6fj.r J > 


-oo 


'01/17JV 


-co/j.a.1 


-eeBat 


-O'lZVOq 


2 Fut. 


TU~-od t 'iai 




-OLflTjV 




-slaOai 


-oofievos 



The Tenses of the Middle Voice are varied after the forms 
of the Active and Passive Voices, according to their re- 
spective terminations. 

Formation of the Tenses. 

The Present and Imperfect 
Are the same as the Passive. 

The Perfect 

Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by prefixing 
the Reduplication, and changing ov into a: as, ezo-ov, 
tItoxcl. 

In Dissyllables, if the Second Aorist has a in the pe- 
nultimate, when the Present has e or et, the a is changed 
into o in the Perfect Middle: as, nk(xw } hrAaxov, ~l~h>xa) 
CTzetfjoj, itrxapov, l<TKopa\ but when the penultimate of the 
Present is tj or at, it is changed into r^. as, ItjOw, eAa0ov t 
XjirjOa; tpafauty zcws<r; ; r.ivr^a.. Hd/j.to, iOaXoifj makes rt- 
OrjAa', and xXdZai, izXayWf makes xl/lr^a. 

5 



50 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



If the Second Aorist has t in the penultimate, when the 
Present has ei, t is changed into ot in the Perfect Middle : 
as ; ddiDj I'dov, old a. 

The Pluperfect 

Is formed from the Perfect, by prefixing e ; and changing 
a into etv : Tirvna, IreTUizew. 

The First Aorist 

Is formed from the First Aorist Active, by adding fiyv : 
as, eru(pa, irucpd/iyv, which is varied through its Persons, as 
follows : — 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

S, iro^-d/xi^Vf -a), -aro. 

D. -dfjisOov, -a<r6ov, -dadrp. 

P. -dfizOa, -aaOe, -avro. 



S. 
D. 
P. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



TO<p-at, 


-dado). 


-aadoVj 


-d<jdu)\>. 


-a<rdej 


-daQu)Ga\> 



OPTATIVE MOOD. 



S. TU(p-a{fl7)V, 

D. -ai/jLsdoVj 
P. -aiiieda, 



-aw, 



-olcgOoVj 

-CU<T0£, 



-atro. 

-atcrdTjv, 

-atvTO 



TJie First Future 

Is formed from the First Future Active, by changing m 
into o/iac : as, ru^'o>, xbipop.at\ but in the Fourth Conjuga- 
tion into oufiac : as, aizzpuj^ a-spou/iac. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



51 



The Second Aorist 

Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by changing v 
into /iTjV : as, s-u-o-Vj irvx-dfnjv. 



The Second Future 

Is formed from the Second Future Active, by changing <T 
into ou/iac : as, tu-w, tu-ou/iou. 



S. TU7ZOU[J.a.ty 
D. TUZOU/lEdoV) 

P. TUXou/isOa.) 



TO~Ti 






ruTZcirac. 
ru-elaOov. 

TUTZOVVZat. 



Deponent Verbs 

May be properly called Defective Verbs, whose Active is 
obsolete, and which want also some Tenses of the Passive 
and Middle Voices. 

Synopsis of the form of a Deponent Verb. 



Pres. 
Imper. 


Indie. Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


Part. 


n(y<)u.at | 
Ideydjnw J 


oiy-ou 


-oifirpt 


-w/iat 


-zaOai 


-ofievoz 


Perf. 
Pluper. 


ioso-y/jTj^ J 


dide-£o 




-no- j 

voqw J 


-yOat 


-y/±£>uz 


P.-p.Fut. 


dedi$opuu 




-otpLrpt 




-etrOw. -6[u 


1 Aor. M. 


lde£dfjap 


di$-4U 


-aifj.r t v 


-(Dtiai 


-aaOai -aptevoq 


1 Fut, M. 


i / *- 




-oqnjv 




-eaOat -orizvo- 


1 Aor. P. 


Idtyfop 


otyO-r~>. 


-tfcpi 


-0) 


-rpai 


sk 


1 Fut. P. 


de%(hj<r-of£CU 




-o(pj)v 




-effOac 


- 



Some Deponent Verbs have a Second Aorist Middle. 



52 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



The Conjugation of a Verb, in each Voice, is as fol- 
lows : — 



Act. TUTCTCO. 

Pass. rbizTOfiai. 

Mid. TUTTTO/JLat. 

Dep. de%ojj.at. 



Fut. 1. TOipO). 

Perf. riTup./j.at. 
Fut. 1. zu^'o/xai, 
Fut. 1. dizopai. 



Perf. ririxpa. 
Aor. 2. fru7t7]v. 
Perf. riruna. 
Perf. dideyfiat. 



Oe Contracted Verbs. 

Verbs of the Third Conjugation in -aw, -eiaij ~ow } are con- 
tracted in the Present and Imperfect Tenses only. 



characteristics. 

If a be followed by o or w, the contraction is made in w : 
as, rtpidcoj -cD* otherwise in a : as, ripdeiq^ -aq. 

If e be followed by another e, the contraction is made in 
et : as, <pilee, -ei) if by o, in ou : as, <pd£o/iev, -oufiev) if by 
any long quantity, the e is omitted : as, <pd£eq, -XeTq. 

If the o be followed by a short Vowel, the contraction ig 
made in ou: as, xpucros, -ou' } if by a long Vowel, in co : as, 
Xpu<j6(Oj -tf<5; if by a diphthong, drop the first Vowel of the 
diphthong: as, xpuGoztq, -aoTq; except in the Present In- 
finitive Active, where, in place of oi y we meet ou : as, 

XpUffOSCV, -GOVV. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



53 



PllT.l 




5 | 6 

v: « \: 

s» s> s> 



S e 



s> e> 



ft ft 

» I 

ft ft 



§ * k ^ ft, 
a -Is -3 *3 « 
ft B^-o -o * 



c» i -< ^ <n 
^ 'ft* ^ 
ft ^ . 



to 






«<-«» 



Genit. 



cn S* ft. 
-3 -3 ^ 



3 TOW 

gN i . i 
I « i S'- v '' ft' 
rov 



Opt. Pr. 




2, 2, -S' 



A" 

5" S* 5^ 

«r5 Jl ,r5 

^ ^ «o 

2, nx. ^^ 

• i 

2. 2 ,-ei 



Imp. Pr. 






Imp. Ind. Pies. 



. ctk, oy, m~ N; -<5 H 

^ o) ft c^ ^ a, 

§ 3 s e s s 



^ S Si Si Si 



^ 



^ °> ft 

O) ft ro 

•o s\ u\ 



5 ,K «n 



-o 'O ^ s: 






«*> -ft* 



5 J 



S, 



3 3 'J 



& 



©, g* ft, 

C S s 

£/ S> ki 



(iev 



C» «*K ft 



S^ 2* B* 
£ S § 

s< k\ k\ 




gi - »' 



c» 



O 

H 

<! 



" »• 2* ft. ^ HH 



g* g* ft. 

2 2 c 
A, 2,-fi 

2. 2 "^ 



ts 



rn^ <r >^ ro^ a (•) 



TTjW 



o 

w 




5* 



54 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



Pres. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


rtfi-da), -a> | 










Imper. 


6C£ ? -a 


doc pa j cope 


dco, -co 


d£cv, av 


Fut. 1. 


Ttp.-7J<JO) 




-qGoqa 




TJG£CV 


Aor. 1. 


£Tip.-rj<ra 


TjGOV 


yJGatpc 


7J<ro) 


r t Gai 


Perf. 
Pluper. 


T£TLp.-7]Xa | 

lT£TtfA-7]y.£lV J 


TjX£ 


yjxotfii 


yjxco 


-qxivat 


Aor. 2. 


£TCp.-OV 


£ 


OtpLL 


O) 


£IV 


Fut. 2. 


Tl/JL-O) 




otpLt 




£IV 


Part. Pres. Ttp-dcvv, -<5v. Fut. 1. rcp-rJGojv. Aor. 1. rip.-^Gaq. 


Perf. rert/jL'TJxwg. Aor. 2. tc/jl-wv. Fut. 2. rtp.-wv. 


Pres. 

Imper. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


<pd-£u)) -co *) 

£(pd-£o\>j -ouv J 


S£, -£* 


iotpt, -OtpLt 


ioj. -co 


iuv. -£lv 










FuL 1. 


<piX-rJGoj 




yJGOtpt 




7)G£IV 


Aor. 1. 


lcpd-t]Ga 


TjGOV 


-qGaipt 


yjffdj 


TjGat 


Perf. 
Pluper. 


TZ£(pd-fjxa | 

£n£(pd-yjx£LV J 


Y]X£ 


TJXOtpU 


yjxa) 


yjxivat 


Aor. 2. 


e^A-ov 


£ 


oi 'pi 


iOJ 


£~IV 


Fut. 2. 


<2^-c5 




olp.1 




£Tv 


Part. Pres. (pdiwv, -a>v. Fut. 1. <pd-rjGu>v. Aor. 1. tpd-rjeaq. 


Perf. izz<pi\-t)/.<i><z. Aor. 2. <pd-wv. Fut. 2. <pd-wv. 


Pres. 

Imper. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


ypuG-6oj } r w "i 
iypuG-oov, ouv ) 


0£, -OU 


6oip.i y -olp.i 


OUJj -co 


0£CV ) OUV 










Fut. 1. 


ypuG-WGco 




COGOipt 




(OG£tV 


Aor 1. 


by pi G -log a 


OJGOV 


(baaipx 


(bait) 


cog a: 


Perf. 


y.£ypu<?-u)/.a ") 
ix.£ypoa-d)x£iv J 








ivxivat 


Pluper. 


0)X£ 


(oxocpt 


OJXOJ 










Part. Pres. ypuG-bcov, -wv. Fut. 1. ypuG-coGtvv. Aor. 1. 


ypuG-(I)Gaq. Perf. X£ypUG-wxd)q. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



55 



Imp. Ind. Pres. 




{J.7)V \JALl 

©, nx. fi. ©*J> ft. 

£ - ^ i^ ^ =CS 

C c C ^ VN „ 

Si §> s > ~» / 



fieOov fieOov & 

©^ r^. ft. £> 2 s ft. ^ 

to O) <q *') (,) «') N 

a £, ft' O S, ft' W 

CI -» c* ~ ( 



o 




56 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



Pres. 

Irnper. 
Perf. 
Pluper. 
P.-p.F. 
Aor. 1. 
Fut. 1. 
Aor. 2. 
Fut. 2. 



Indie. 



)-to-p.at ] 

lO-CD-fATjV ) 



rtp-ao- 
irtp-ao-tv-prj', 

T£Tt{JL-7][J.at 
T£Ttp.-7](TOpat 

sri/i-rjdyjv 
TC l a~rj0rj(7o l aac 
hip-r^ 
tp.-rjcrop.at 



Imp. 



fjLTO 

■qdt 



Optat. 



dot -CO -pTj\ 



$PW 



Part. Pres. Ttp-ao-cb-psvog. 



7}(TOl/J.7]U 

rjOTJGOlfATJV 
7]tTOl/J.yjV 

Perf. TZTtijL-rjuivoq. 



Sub. 



dto, -aj 
\_-tim 

to pax 



Infin. 



de -a 

\_-adat 
r t crdat 

r l <j£crdat 
rfir^at 
r i Qr i G£tr- 
rjvat [Oat 

rj(TS(T0CU 

P.-p. F 



TSTt/i-rjfTorjsvoc;. Aor. 1. rtp-iqdeiq. Fut. 1. rtp-rjOiqo'dp^oq. 



Aor. 



Fut. 2. Ttfi-rjfTO/isvoq. 



Pres. 
Imper. 
Perf. 
Pluper. 
P.-p. F. 
Aor. 1. 
Fut. 1. 
Aor. 2. 
Fut, 2. 



Indie. 



cptX-io-oo-pat 

e<pLA-£0-OU-fJ.TjV 

-£<ptX-r / po.t 

7zecpc?s-yj(T<)/xac 

hsLX-rfirp 

cptk-r^Oijaopat 

(p'.X-yj<TOf±cu 



Imp. | Gptut. ! Sub. 



SOU -00 


eat -ot -fiyv 


itOj -co 
\_-pat 


7] (70 


rjtrotpr^ 


CO pat 


TJdTjTC 


Tjdrj(TOl/lTjV 


TjOiO 


7}6t 


eiiqv 
Ti<To(jxr^ 


cv 



Infin. 



ee -et 

{-trdat 
Tjffffai 

rjtretrGat 
f]dr^at 
yOyjtretr- 
Tjvm [Oat 
rj tread at 

P.-p. F. 



Part. Pres. cpd-io-oo-p^og. Perf. 7Z£<pd-r}p&oq. 

7[£cpd-rjcr6/j.evo<z. Aor. 1. (ftk-fjdeiq. Fut. 1. cpd-rfiy]tr6p£voq. 
Aor. 2. cpiX-eiq. Fut. 2. <pd-rjtr6p£voq. 



Pres. 

Imper. 
Perf. 
Pluper. 
P.-p. F. 
Aor 1. 
Fut. 1. 



Indie. 



ypOG-OO-OO-pat, 
£%p OGOO-OO-pT^ 

xeypdtr-copat ) 
iy.£ypoa-cop;rfj ) 
xsypotrclxropat 
lypba-cbO'qv 
ypoacoOrjcropat 



Imp. Optat. | Sub. Infin. 



cbOrjTt 



001 -Ot -pjTf, 

t6p.T\V 

OJCTOtprjV 
tod£t7)V 

coO-qcrotprjv 



OCOj -co 

[-pat 
d> pat 

coOco 



Part. Pres. ypotr-o6-obp£\>oq. Perf. x£ypotr-cophoq. 
x£ypO(T-to<j6p£voq. Aor. 1. ypotr-todeiq. Fut. 
wOrjtropevoq. 



0£ -oo 

[-oOat 
cocrOat 

cb<i£(rOat 
coOr^o.t 
-etrOat 

P.-p. F. 
1. xpua- 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



57 



MIDDLE VOICE. 

Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
(The Present and Imperfect are the same as the Passive.) 



1 Fut. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


Ttfi-rjaopLOt 




TqaotfiTjv 




rjtreffOat 


1 Aor. 


trifi-jjffdfiyv 


yaat 


7}<FatfO]V 


rjawjiat 


rjcracrOai 


Perf. 


zh'ji-a i 










Pluper. 


frert/i-ecv j 


-Otflt 


a> 


ivat 


2 Aor. 


£ri(l-6jJ.7]V 00 


-OlflTJV 


-w/xat 


i<jQa>. 


2 Fut. 


Tifi-obfiat 


oiftyv 


eiaOat 


Part. Fut. 1. Ttfi-Tjff6fi£vo<;. Aor. 1. Ttfi-yadjievoG. Perf. 


z£7'./i-a)^. Aor. 2. rt/i- 6 /!£>(><;. Fut. 2. rifi-ouftsvo^. 


1 Fut. 


Indie. 


Imp. | Optat. 


Sub. Infin. 


cs \ /.-rj (FOfia l r t (To i;j.r t U 


maeedat 


1 Aor. 


lf>tX-7)(rdfjL7)v meat yaaifiyv 


7J<ra*j±at IrjaatrOat 


Perf. 


xifd-a } 1 

hze<piX-etv j 






Pluper. 


Qtflt 


to \ivat 


2 Aor. 


■c hX-6 pcqv \ou 


KJtMJ ¥ 


(jjfiat \i<lOru 


2 Fut. 


wtX-ouftdt 


Ol/lTjV 


\eiaOai 


Part. Fut. 1. ycA-Tjeofievos. Aor. 1. (piX-r^adiievaq. Perf. 


-zv>.L-d>^. Aor. 2. q>tX-6fi£vo<;. Fut. 2. ytk-oupjevoq. 


1 Fut. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


ynuaaxjotiai 




WGoiu.Yj'J 




t&ceaOai 


1 Aor. 


fafpoa-itHjdfjanv wcai \w<ratfJL7)v 


(I) (tu) jxat dxraffdat 


Part. Fut. 1. xpu<r-w<T6fi£vos, Aor. 1. xputr-wadftevoq. 



Formation of the Tenses 

In all the Voices, is the same as that of the Barytons; 
but the First Future requires a long Vowel before trw : — 

1. Except Verbfl in flu», which have i or r, also / or p 
pure, before aw, form the Future in actio, and the Perfect in 
axa: as, idto. idtrw. staxa. 



58 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Some have the Future in aao) and t^oj (poetically). 

2. Some Verbs in ecu form the Future in e<r<o } and the 
Perfect in exa : as, reXico. 

Some have both terminations (poetically). 
Some Dissyllables form the Future in sugu), and the Per- 
fect in eoxa : as, dia> ) TzXiu), &c. 

3. Some in old have, in the Future and Preterperfect, a 
penultimate o : as, ap6<D y 6/i6a). 

The 2d Aorist is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting 
the Vowel before ov : as, frt/iaov, srt/xov ) ifiXeov^ e<ptXov. 

Of Verbs in /it. 
Verbs in [it are formed from Verbs of the 3d Conjugation 
of Barytons, in au) y £co 7 ow, and uuj, — 

First, by prefixing the Reduplication with t. 
Second, by changing the at into fit. 
Third, by lengthening the penultimate. 
Thus, from azdoj is formed ftrrqfit. 

did) T (07] fit. 

docu didcufxe. 

detxvuou deixvufit. 

The Reduplication occurs only in the Present and Im- 
perfect. 

When the first Consonant is repeated -with £, it is called 
the proper Reduplication : as, 36cu y d(d<ojj.i. 

If the Verb begin with a Vowel, with tct or <jt, Aspirated 
c only is prefixed : as, ecu, r i-qtit ; nrdw, iWny/tc, &c. This is 
called the improper Reduplication. 

Some Verbs are without a Reduplication : as, fpyjfii, &c. 

The Present, Imperfect, and 2d Aorist alone, are peculiar 
to Verbs in ;u; the other Tenses are regularly formed (with 
some shades of exception) from Verbs in a> pure : as, dd>(T(v, 
Sid coxa , as if from doco. 

Verbs in pi have no 2d Future, Perfect Middle, or 2d 
Aorist Passive. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



59 



ACTIVE VOICE. 



1. UrC-T^JU -T t q -TjfTi 

2. ziO-r t ;i f , -r^ -r^t 

3. d'jj-ojfic -0)^ ~oj<Ji 

1. l(7?-rf; -r t q -rj 

2. l-LO-rp 

3. loio-tov 

1. IflTBV 



-&>^ -CO 



"'A 



2. »4p 

3. ZO-COV 

2. r#-eri -e (-to* 

3. dio-oOi -6 j 
2 Aor. m-rfii -rjroj, &c. 



-0 

-a 




~a(Ti 

-£ 7 .<TL 

-overt 



-fl£V 



-/lev -re 



^ - ri0eM?v -/;? -ij 

o (^otooj-r^ ) 

2 A or. 1. trr-ahpt -aty 

£* T 1. tar -to- a q- a 

a -< 2. T'.O-CU-f^-Y, 

op ( 3. dtfi-w-ws-aj 



-y~<» -7~r> 




2. 0-kq -irtOj &c. 3. £-oc, -^r« 
f i w V oev -re -tfa> and -< - c> 
2. Oehjv s:^. 3. dobjv-oir^, &.C. 

-w ) 

2 Aor. 1. (TT-dJ -fjC, <.vx-. 2. 0<£ -5pe, &c. 3. oa> -£?, &c 
Infix. Pros. 1. f«rr -mat. 2. r:0 -^a;. 3. M -ova;. 
Aor. 2. ffr-qveu, Oeivat, &ouvol 

Present Participle, 

1. ><7T-dc, -OffO) -rh. (j. fltVre<r, -dfJr^, -rivroc. So Aor. 2.(Trd^. 

2. no-els, -etea, -eV G. eVros, -ecVg^-eVroc. So Aor. 2. flees. 

3. 8ed-obs 9 -ou0a f -6v. Gr. £vroc, -"'V/ y c,-^ro;. So Aor. 2. £oe>?. 



Formation of the Tenses. 
Z%« Imperfect 

Is formed from the Present, by prefixing the Augment 
(if the Verb begin with ■ simple Consonant), and changing 
/hi into >: as, Tt&rj/it, frith)*; but Imr^fit makes Etmpy. 

The Persona of the [mperfect are seldom used; these 3d 
Dfl Singular, Komj and fri0r} } however, are met with. 

The Singular Number, and the 3d Person Plural, are fre- 
quently formed as if from the Contracts Urcdw, Tt0tw f 8td6w, 



60 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



1. Igtujv -aq -a || -wv. 2. iridnuv -£iq -et || -oov. 3. ididouv 



So also the 2d Person Sing, of the Imperative : as, ?<rroc ; 
r[0et ) didoo. 

The Second Aorist 

Is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting the Redupli- 
cation : as, MOyv, idyv, frjv, fjv ) or by changing the improper 
Reduplication i into the Augment: as, ?<rayv, eanqv. 

If the Verb have no Reduplication, the Second Aorist is 
the same as the Imperfect : as, <pri[x\, eprjv. 

The other Tenses are formed from the Present of the 
Barytons, regularly : as, craw, arr i (Tco ) earrjxa. 

Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



Pres. 
Imper. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


In fin. 


Part. 


*l<JT-'f}[Xl 


i 


adi 


airjv 


(b 


dvai 


as 


Fut. 1. 


6T-y)(J(0 






'qOOl[Xl 




Tj<T£lV 


TjffCOU 


Aor. 1. 


SGT-Tj&a 




r d (Tov 


7) (7 a l [XI 


TjGOJ 


yjaai 


rj<jag 


Perf. 
Pluper. 


kar-yjxetv 


! 


7]X£ 


TfXOl[Xl 


TjXOJ 


rfxivai 


fjxu>q 


Aor. 2. 


£(TT-TjV 




rfii 


airjv 


OJ 


rf>ai 


dq. 


Pres. 
Imper. 


T id -7] [XI 


} 


£Tl 


£17}V 


a> 


ivai 


£iS 


Fut. 1. 


Oyjcra* 






~/](TOl[Xl 




yj(7£lV 


7J0WV 


Aor. 1. 


iO-rjxa 














Perf. 
Pluper. 


zid-sr/.a 

iredeixtiv 


1 


eixs 


£IX01[XI 


£CXU> 


£ixhai 


£ix(bg 


Aor. 2. 


£0-7}V 




'6kg 


£lfjV 


a> 


etvai 


£iq. 


Pres. 

Imper. 


did d) [xt 
edid-iov 


) 


odi 


017)V 


W 


ovai. 


obq 


Fut. 1. 


dcb-Gio 






(0(70 1 [XI 




0)G£lV 


axrajy 


Aor. 1. 


k'dw-xa 














Perf. 
Pluper. 


did-coxa 

idsd&xeiv 


1 


OJX£ 


(0X0 1 [XI 


wxw 


wxivai 


wxatq 


Aor. 2. 


id-ojv 


|»c 


OlfjV 


0) 


ouvai 


ouq. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



61 




^> "ft 15 *ft • ft ft s 

~ Pi3 ^ S* ^ ? ? ? 






5* 



e» s,^> o» -, 2 ~ 5 

ft ^> S» §^^ §> $> §> 



)5 ft "ft ft 15 *£ 

(I) ") (1) ") ") (I) 

<5> *5i> <5a <5i> <5i <3i 

O 5 Q Q O O 

\c v ^ \: \r x: 



C5^55 CiC;0 



o 

I— I 

o 



^ S> 5» <5> 3> <5i g? 

5 ^ ^ -a s* ^ S 



5. !^ ft> o. "x ft. o o) a 

^<5>C^3>C5>k5><5>^, 
££^i-3^5©© 



e. e. e. 

*ft 15 ft 

O) n> fo 

<5i <5i> <5> 

ft ft ft 



C rn ft 

"ft* "ft "ft" 

O) O) Ot 

<5s <ft» <5i 

ft ft ft 



.©» «** ft. ^.45* A. 

is ft "ft ^ £ "ft 

O "1 (i) ") O p, 

<5i <5s ^ <^> <5s ^ 
ft ft ft ft ft ft 



S> S> ? 
P> °> *> 



<i ^ ^ O) O) O ") <1 (-) ^ - 
fO «'> O) 



5 



£> S' & 

V V V 

-\ H H 

ft ft ft 



£ ^ ft> 5r 

=> ^ <* v : 

^ ^ ^ 

e e s 

^ ^ ^ 

» ft s 



5 ^ d a fl 



62 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



Pres. 

Imper. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


Part. 


"(TT-ajiac "j 

t(TT-d t U7]V J 


ado 


aiirqv 


a/icu 


cwdai 


dfievog 


Perf. 
Pluper. 
P.-p. F. 


SGT-a/JLCU \ 

i<TT-dfirjv J 


CLGO 


ai/Aiqv 


(DfJLCU 


dadai 


aplvoq 


karda-oiiai 




oifjxp* 




£<70ai 


ojievoq 


Aor. 1. 


i(TT-ddTjV 


dOrjTt 


adetrjv 


aQa> 


adr^at 


ads eg 


Fut. 1. 
j 


(jradrjCF-o/iat 




oiflTjV 




eadat 


otisvoq 


Pres. 

Imper. 


ircd-e/irju J 


£<JO 


£C;iTjV 


CUflOU 


eadai 


i/ievog 


\ Perf. 
Pluper. 


rid-£cp.ac j 


euro 


Si/JLTjU 


W/JLOLt 


eladat 


etjiivoq 


P.-p. F. 


TsOeiG-ojiai 




Ol/lTjV 




£<j6at 


ojisyoq 


Aor. 1. 


h-iO-qv 


id-qn 


eOecTjV 


eOw 


edr^at 


edeiq 


Fut. 1. 


TedyJG-ofmi 




oifiip 




e<jdat 


OfXSVOS 


Pres. 

Imper. 


d id -o fiat 1 
edtd-d/xvjv j 


0(70 


Oi/lTjV 


aJ/jLat 


oadai 


6{1£V0$ 


Perf. 


did-Ojiai ] 












Pluper. 


0(70 


OiflTjV 


mtiat 


oaOat 


6[A£)tOg 


P.-p. F. 


dsdod-ofiac 




OiflTjV 




eadai 


OfASVOS 


Aor. 1. 


kd-od^v 


607]Tt 


odsiTjV 


o6a> 


odr^ai 


odetq 


Fut. 1. 


Sodyj(T-OfJLai 




oLtjrp 




£<?0ai 


6/JL£VO% 



Formation or the Tenses. 



The Present 

Is formed from the Present Active, by changing tic into 
pal, and the long penultimate Towel into its correspondent 
short one: as, fory/ic, 'icTaiiai) riOrjixt, zideitai^ except ay /tat, 
and some others. 

The Imperfect 

Is formed from the Present, by changing fiat into^v, and 
prefixing the Augment: as, rcO£/jLai } iztOitL-qv. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



63 



The other Tenses are formed after the manner of the 
Barytons : the Perfect has the penultimate short, except 
Tidstjiac, poetically; which, however, is made short in the 
1st Aorist, lr(0r 4 v. 



MIDDLE VOICE. 

IND. Aor. 2. — 1. lar-dayy, -aao or -w y &c, as iGrdtir^. 
2. iO-ifir^y -£<ro or -oo } &c, as iriOi/ir^. 3. id-o/iyv, -oao or 
-oVj as Id'.dofiTjV. 

Imperat. Aor. 2. — 1. <TTa<ro, as Uraao. 2. 6(<ro or Ood, 
as riOscro. 3. doao or Sou, as didoeo. 

Opt. Aor. 2. — 1. <Traiur t v 9 as laxaiixr^. 2. deifiyvj as «t- 
Oet/iTjV. 3. doijir^y as dtdoifir^. 

So in Sub. Aor. 2. — 1. ww/iac. 2. Oajjiai. 3. d&uat, &c. 



Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
(The Present and Imperfect are the same as the Passive.) 



Fut. 1. 
Aor. 1. 
Aor. 2. 



Fut. 1. 
Aor. 1 
Aor. 2 



Indie. 



gt-jj fount 

iGT-YjGdtir^ 



(l-yTo/mt 
Id-law 



Imp. 



d(To 



Optat. 



7]<TOlU7)V 



Sub. 



TjGOJfiat 

aj/iat 



rjaecrOai 
d<rOat 



rj(T()l/JL7)V | 

not used farther, 

|£(TO 



|«<W* 



co/iai 



Infin. 



Part. 



TjGOfievOS 

rjcrdtisvuq 
duevos 



7J<Te<r0ai 
iffOai 



7]<TOp.SVO<Z 
IftjBVOS 



Fut. 1. 
Aor. 1 
Aor. 2. 



ld-6tir t 'J 



wffoitxrjV I 
not used farther. 
6 go \oiuT)v \u>/j.ai 



(LazaOai ujgoiiz^u^ 
6(j0at 6\ivm)^ 



The, Second Aorist 
Is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting the Redupli- 
cation: as, brt&iujp, i()in.r^. 



64 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Verbs in u/m 

Are formed from Verbs in oco, by changing w into fxi : as, 
detxvupu from deuvbaj ) ^ibyvufii from £euyvbu>. 

Verbs in ufit have neither Reduplication, nor Optative, 
or Subjunctive Mood; and when they have a 2d Aorist, 
it is the same as the Imperfect. 



ACTIVE VOICE. 




INDICATIVE MOOD. 






Present. 




S. Zebyv-ufxt, 


-os, 


-vet. 


D, 


-UTOV, 


-orov. 


P. Zeuyv-u/JLSV, 


-UT£ } 

Imperfect. 


-VGl. 


S. iZebyv-uv, 


-*><> 


-y. 


D. 


-UTOV, 


-UT7)V. 


P. ^euyv-u/JLeVj 


-UTS, 


-vaav. 


IMPERATIVE MOOD 


• 




Present. 




S. 


Zebyv-udi, 


-UTOt. 


D. 


Zebyv-urov, 


-VTW 


P. 


Zeuyv-UTSj 


-uraxrav, 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


Present. 


Present. 


£euyv-bvcu. 


N. Zeuyv-bq, 


-ucraj -i 



Gr. Zeuyv-uvToq, 'bays, -bvToq, &C. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



65 



PASSIVE VOICE. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present 
S. £e6yv-ujiat, -ucai, 

P. Zeuyv-ujieda, -ucrde, 

Imperfect, 
S. k^euyy-biirjV^ -ugo, 
D. i^Buyv-ufiedoVy -uaOov, 
P. i^euyy-u/ieOa, -ugOb, 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



-uaQov. 
•uvrai. 



-OTO. 
-UVTO. 



s. 

D. 

p. 



Present. 
Zeuyv-ucro, 
^euyv-UGQoV) 
^euyv-uffde. 



-U(T0(O. 

-uadiDV. 

-UGdoJGCLV. 



INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. 

Present Present 

Zeuyv-uadat. Zeoyv~6fi^v~oq 1 -^, -ov. 

Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



Pass. \ T 

(Imp. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Infin. 


Part. 


£euyv-u/it ) 
^euyv-uv j 
Zeuyv-UfMt \ 
i^euyv-u/iTjV j 


-uOt 

-UGO 


-uvat 
-oaOai 


-u<;. 
-u/ievos. 



Of Irregular Verbs in fit. 
There are three Conjugations of Irregular Verbs in fit, 
each of which contains three Verbs. 



6* 



66 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



From ea) are derived, 

1. ei/xij to be; elfxi and fyj/xt, to go. 

2. fyfit, to send; r\p.at } to sit; el/icu, to clothe one's self. 

3. xelfxcu, to lie down ; H<rqiit } to know ; yrjfju, to say. 

First Conjugation. 

Eifiij to be, and elpt, to go, have been conjugated before, 
-pages, 39 and 41. 



*IyfjLi 9 to go. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 



S. *I W \ 
D. — — 

P. "ofxev, 



hrov, 

fere, 

Imperfect. 

OPTATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 



t7J<T(. 

hzov. 
ktfft. 



ie<rav. 



lefy. 



INFINITIVE. 

Present. 



PARTICIPLE. 
Present 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

MIDDLE VOICE. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 



67 



S. h-fiat, 

D. ti/JL£0OVj 

P. liiieda, 



S. l£-/J.r)v, 
D. li-fxedovj 
P. ii-fieda, 

IMPERATIVE. 

Present. 
h(To } Had id. 



Present. 

-adov } 
-cde, 

Imperfect. 

-60, 
-ffdoVj 



-gOov. 
-vtcu. 



-TO. 

-(T07]V. 
•VTO. 



PARTICIPLE. 

Present. 
lijjLev-os, -7], -ov. 



"Itj/j.1, to send. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 



S. '/ w 

D. 

P. Ujur, 

S. fy, 
D. 



P. ile/iev, 



S. ^<T-a) y 

D. 

P. jjV-ofiev, 



FsTOV 

Fere, 
Imperfect. 

or 

JVritf Future. 



fy<n. 






-erov. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



First Aorist. 
fya. 


Perfect. 
e r ixa. 

Second Aorist. 


Pluperfect 

ehetv. 


S. fc 

D. 

P. ifcw, 


irov 9 

r/ 
ST£ f 


5* 

r £aav. 


IMPERATIVE MOOD. 






Present. 




S. 
D. 
P. 


"eroVy 

<? 

i ere j 


"era). 
Ilstojv. 
Urtocav. 


First Aorist. 




Perfect 


f\xov. 


Second Aorist. 


she. 


s. 

D. 
P. 


2tov 7 

Ere, 


irwcrav. 


OPTATIVE MOOD. 






Present 




S. &ffp 9 
D. 

P. iei-rjiiev, 


^9 

-7}T0V y 


»7JT7]V. 


First Future, 




Perfect 


7]<TOlJJLt. 


Second Aorist. 


choifit. 


S. eZ^gg, 
D. 

P. etyfiev, 







GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present. 
S. Id, lyq, 

D. lr i zov ) 

P. lojp.£> } tf T£ ) 

Perfect. 

-TjTOV, 



S. e"x-w f 

D. 

P. elx-aifisv, 

S. 2>, 
D. 



9- 

liJTOV. 



'TjTOU, 
-(JJ<TC. 



P. WflfjVj 



Second Aorist. 

fjTOV, 

foe, 



fjTOV. 
WGl. 



Present. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

First Future. 



f\<J£lV. 



Perfect. 




Second Aorist. 


elxivat. 




efoac. 




PARTICIPLES. 


Present. 




First Future. 


Ufa, lelaa } liv. 




iJGcw, ^aooaay ^<rov. 


Perfect. 




Second Aorist. 


])q } elxula, elxo<;. 




e7q } elcra, 2v. 




PASSIVE VOICE. 


INDICATIVE 


MOOD. 




Present. 




S. le-fiat, 


-<ro* t 


-rat. 


D. -fieOoVj 


-crOov, 


-(jOov. 


P. -fizOa, 


-ffOe, 


-VTfltf. 



70 



GREEK RUDIMENTS, 



Imperfect. 



S. (i'/irjVy 


-GO, 


-TO. 


D. -fiedov, 


-G0o\>, 


-G0yy. 


P. -fieda. 


-G0£y 

Perfect. 


-VTO. 


S. el-fiatj 


-Gat, 


-rat. 


D. -JJL£0OV, 


-G0ov y 


-G0ov. 


P. -fieda. 


-g0£, 


-vrai. 




Pluperfect. 




S. et-prpt, 


-GO, 


-TO. 


D. -pL£0OV. 


-G0OV, 


-G07JU. 


R -/*e0« ? 


-G0£, 


-VTO. 


.P.-p. Future. 


First Aorist. 


First Future. 


efoofLcu. 


ed7)v and elldyv. 


kd-qaoiiat. 



MIDDLE VOICE. 

Present and Imperfect are like the Passive. 

First Aorist. 

-clto. 

'd<T07)V 

-avTO. 



•£TOLl. 
-£G0OV. 

-o\>Tai. 



s. 


TjX-dlXfjVj 


-a>, 


D. 


-dfl£0OV, 


-OLG0OV, 


P. 


-d/x£0a, 


-olg0£, 
First Future. 


S. 


fj<T-OJJ.CU f 


*2> 


D. 


-ofieOov, 


-£G0OV, 


P. 


-o/i£0a, 


-£G0£, 

Second Aorist. 


S. 


%MW, 


EGO, 


D. 


e/xe0oVj 


£g0oVj 


P. 


i/ieda, 


i*0e, 



£TO. 

£G0fjV. 
ivTO. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 71 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Second Aorist. 



S. 
D. 
P. 



e<To, 


iaOuj. 


eaOoVy 


r 4<j0a)v. 


i<rde, 


£<?dco<rav, 



OPTATIVE MOOD. 







First Future 




s. 


■fjcroL-iirp) 


'0, 


-TO* 


D. 


-/isOov, 


-(tOov, 


-ad^. 


P. 


-fizda, 


Second Aorist. 


-WTO. 


S. 


tFjtty*, 


■*| 


-TO. 


1). 


-fieOoVj 


-crOov, 


-aOyp. 


R 


-[ieOa, 


-<rfe y 


-WTO. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Second Aorist. 

S. ut/xat, fi, fpat. 

D. CL}>j.e0o> 7 IflrObfj r)aOov. 

P. iLfjLtOa, fpOzy uyjTOL. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

First Future. Second Aorist. 

fjpHT&at, laOat. 

PARTICIPLES. 

First Future. Second Aorist. 

ijao/izvoc;, -t], -o>. '-(><;, -r J} -ov. 



72 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 





r Hfiat } to sit. 






INDICATIVE MOOD. 






Present. 






S. r H{xat, 


jjeatj 




fjrac. 


D. fifxedov, 


ijffdov, 




fjffdov. 


P. fjpeda, 


fjtrOs, 
Imperfect. 




JJVTCU 


S. 7)[ir)\>, 


¥°j 




JJTO. 


D. ijjiedov, 


7J<rdov 7 




7}<T07)V. 


P. jjfieda, 


yjffds, 




$JVT0. 


IMPERATIVE MOOD. 






Present. 






S. 


%*»> 




T]<jda>. 


D. 


TLG0OV, 




r\<rdu)v. 


P. 


i^Oe, 




i]<Tdw(Tav. 


INFINITIVE, 




PARTICIPLE. 


Present 






Present. 


fodac. 




-qiiev-oq, --q, -o». 



Elfiat, to clothe one's self. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 





Present and Perfect 




s. 


E}-fJLOLC. -GCLly 


-rat and -arm. 


p. 


Pluperfect. 


eivrat. 


p. 


eilirpi, el(To and iVo, eHro, e 


\<rro, Eetrro and Soto* 


s. 


First Aorist. 


£WTO. 


s. 


et(T-§(T<T-&£et<T-djj.7]v J -m, 


-CLTO. 


D. 


-dfieOoVj -olgOoVj 


-dffOrjv. 


P. 


-d/ieda, -clgOs, 


-avzo. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

PARTICIPLES. 



73 



Present and Perfect, 
stfiivos. 



First Aorist. 



KeT/iatj to lie down. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 



s. 


KeT-fxaCf 


-Gat, 


-Tar. 


D. 


-fisdovj 


-adov, 


-adov. 


P. 


-rjLeOa, 


-6de, 
Imperfect. 


-vtolc. 


S. 


ixet-firjv, 


~(TO f 


-TO. 


D. 


-l±edov. 


-cdov, 


-ffdrjv. ■ 


P. 


-lied a , 


-ffds, 
First Future. 


-VTO. 


S. 


xeid-ofiatj 


*%> 


-ercu. 


D. 


-6/jlsOoVj 


•zgOov, 


-eadov. 


P. 


-OjieOaj 


-sade, 


-OVTOLC. 




IMPERATIVE MOOD. 








Present. 




S. 




xeTaOj 


xeiaOa). 


D. 




xetadov, 


x£(<T0ct)v. 


P. 




xeTffOsj 


xei<jO(jj<j<w 




OPTATIVE MOOD. 








Present. 




S. 


X£0t-pL7)V, 


'°y 


-TO. 


D. 


-fieOov, 


-<t0o'; 9 


-gOtjv. 


P. 


-jieOa, 


-<tOz, 


-VTO. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 

Present. First Aorist. 

xiw/iat. xeiaw/jLcu. 

7 



74 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



INFINITE 


E. 




PARTICIPLE. 


Present. 






Present 


xeladat. 






xetfiev-os, -rj, -ov 






* Iarj fit, to know. 




INDICATIVE MOOD. 






Present 




S. "Ia-yiu, 


-W> 


-•1)61. 


D. 




-OLTO\> } 


-aro 


P. -a/Aev 


and 


fiev, -are and 
Imperfect 


T£ f -act. 


S. "(T'TjV, 




*&> 


*?• 


D. 




-arov, 


-dT7)V. 


P. -a[iev } 


-CLT£y 


-acjav and av. 




IMPERATIVE MOOD. 






Present. 




S. 




le-adi and -6t, 


-dzio and rw. 


D. 




-oltov and -rov y 


-drwu and -riov. 


P. 




•are and ts, 


'drwffaV) raxrav, and rov. 


INFINITIVE. 




PARTICIPLE. 


Present 






Present. 


ladvat. 






*Ga-$ } -aa, -v. 



MIDDLE VOICE. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 



S. f&a-fxcu, 
D. -fxedov, 
P. -fieOa, 



Present. 
-Gat, 
-ffdov, 
-aOe, 



-rat. 

-ffdov. 

-vrat. 



GREEK EUDIMENTS. 



75 





Imperfect. 






S. Iffd-fXTjVy 


•(TO, 




-TO. 


D. -jisdov, 


-adovj 




-aO-tys. 


P. -fieda, 


-ade, 




-V70. 


INFINITIVE. 




PARTICIPLE. 


Present. 






Present. 


Hcaffdat. 




Icdjitv-oq, -7], -ov. 




titfftj to say. 






INDICATIVE MOOD. 






Present 






S. (prj/ii, 


rta 




<pT t aL 


D. 


qtOLTOVj 




<pazov. 


P. (pajihj 


<park, 
Imperfect. 




<paai. 


S. $fip>} 


Ws 




■* 



p. 


-a/xsv, 


-are, 
Fcrst Future. 


a 

i). 


yrja-w, 


•erov, 


p. 


-OflTjV, 


-ere, 


B. 


tcp^a-a, 


First Aorist. 
-aroVj 


P. 


-a/iev, 


-are, 


B. 

I). 


*<f-V, 


Second Aorist 


P. 


-W, 


-w$ 



-dTTjV. 

-aeav and -av. 



-ec. 
•erov. 

-OUfft. 



-drrp. 



-r.oav. 



76 



GRREK RUDIMENTS. 




IMPERATIVE 


MOOD. 






Present. 






a 


(pddt, 




(pdro). 




D. 


<pdrov, 




(pdrwv. 


P. 


(pare. 




(pdraxrav. 


OPTATIVE MOOD. 






Present. 






S. <pa(-rjv } 


-ys, 




->?• 


D. 


-7)TOV, 




-jJTyv. 


p. j -w&> 


-r}Te, 




-rjaav. 


1 -pep, 


" T£ , 




-£V. 




First Aorist. 




S. <prjGaii±i) 


-acq, 




-at. 


D. 


-airov, 




-OLtTTjV. 


P. -ac/JLSVj 


•aire, 




-atev. 


SUBJUNCTIVE 


MOOD. 






Present 






S. ^cDj 


<Pffr 




¥IJ- 


D. 


(pTjTOV, 




(pTjTOV. 


P. (paijiev, 


(prjre, 




(p&Gl. 


INFINITIVE. 




PARTICIPLE. 


Present. 






Present 


<pdvat. 




<pdq y <pa<Ta.j <pdv, 


First Aorist 




First Future. 


<pr t Gai. 






<prj<jiov. 


Second Aorist 




First Aorist. 


<pr t vat. 






<prjoaq. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

PASSIVE VOICE. 



77 



INDICATIVE. 
Perfect, 

INFINITIVE. 

-zzcpdadai. 



IMPERATIVE. 

Perfect. 
T.ecfdadco. 

PARTICIPLE. 



MIDDLE VOICE. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 






S. (pa-fiai, 


-<TOLCj 


~rai. 


D. -jiedovj 


-adov, 


"(T0OV. 


P. -fieda, 


-<T0£, 


-vrat. 


Imperfect and Second Aorist. 


S. Icfd-rir^j 


-GO, 


-TO. 


D. -fieOov, 


-aOov, 


-aOr^. 


P. -/ie0a, 


-deOe, 


-»TO. 


IMPERATIVE MOOD 




Present. 




S. 


(pda-Oj 


-Oct). 


D. 


-0ov } 


-Owv. 


P. 


■*, 


-OuHja's. 


FIXITIVE. 




PARTICIPLE. 


Present. 




Present. 


(pdadat. 




ydflEvoq, -7}) -ow. 



7* 



7? GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Of Yerbs in gxoj. 

Yerbs in crxw resemble Yerbs in fie, and, like them, are 
derived from Yerbs in aco, ew, ow, and om, by placing <sx 
before w, which they preserve only in the Present and Im- 
perfect. 

The other Tenses are formed from their Primitives. 

FypaGzo), yepd<raj, yeyyjpaxa, to grow old; from yrjpdco. 

^Apiaxcv, dpicm, ijpexa, to please ; from dpico. 

Boaxoj, ftoffcu, ftiftoxa, to feed; from fiocu. 

MzOixjxw, /isduffw, pLe/iidoxa, to make drunk; from [ledvco. 

Many Yerbs in <rxa), like Yerbs in fit, prefix a Reduplica- 
tion : as, didpdcxu), to run, from Spdw ; didvaxu), to dress, 
from Sow • ninpdaxu), to sell, from npdaj. 

Verbs in axa), which have a Second Aorist, borrow it 
from the kindred Yerbs in pi: as, dUaxu), Aor. 2. fjAwv; 
ftpdxTxaj, Aor. 2. efipcov; ycvdxrxco, Aor. 2. ejrwwvj as if from 
&ACU/J.L, ppaJ'/jLt, yvwpt. 

Of Impersonal Verbs. 

Impersonal Yerbs have only the Third Person Singular 
of each Tense, and, in Participles, only the Neuter Gen- 
der : they have commonly the sign it, before them in Eng- 
lish : as, 

Jet, it behooveth; Imperf. ider. 1st Aor. Zdgr/Gs; 1st Fut. 
ds7J<T£L' ? Optat. Pres. diot; Infin. deTv, derjcelv, defeat) Part. 
$£ov, Serjadv, dsr}<jdv. 

Aoxe't , it seemeth ; Imperf. £d6xet; 1st Fut. do^et ; 1st Aor. 
A-do^s ', Part, doxouv. 

Ilpinet, it becometh; Imperf. In p (net; Infin. npenetv } 
Part, npinov. 

'Ayjjxet, it is proper; Imperf. d.v9jxe) Part, dvvjxov. 



] 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 79 

npo(T7jxetj it is convenient ; Imperf. r.poa^xz \ Part. 
ifpotnjzov. 

MiXetj it is minded; Imperf. s/ieh ; 1st Aor. ipiXyfe} 
1st Fut. fieAjj&et. 

Xpr^ for /py t <ji, it behooveth; Imperf. typyv or xp^v) 
1st Fut. xprjfje: ) Infin. iprpax or xprp. 

3Jany Verbs, in the Passive Voice, are taken imper- 
sonally : as, Ityerat) it is reported; effiap-a:, it is decreed; 
etpqrat) it has been said, &c. 

Irregular Verbs. 

A. 
Alpiajj to take; alprjacjj TQpTjxa] (EXw) eUoitj elXofajv, i?sW } 
iXuv/mi , e iXdfiT} v . 

AlaOdvofiaiy to perceive; (alaOiui) al<jOrj<jo/j.a: ) jjtrditftat. 

t AXi<rxtt) ) to take; (dXom) dXdxyajj -Go/iai, r^Maa, fjXatxa and 
Id/.oj/.a, fjAatfiat) fjXwv, and idJLtov. 

'A/iapTd'/to, to sin ; (dfiapriu*) dfj.aprrj(Taj ) -(To/iai } 7jfidprrj(Ta 3 
-xa, -fiatj ¥tfJuaprov } poet. Ttfiffporov. 

B. 

Babaj, to go; (Jldto) f3yf<ropLaij efava, Ifcadiirpy i3i t 3rjxa ) 
-pot; (pTJfit) efav. 

BdXXtOj to cast ; fiaXw } ipaXoVj (JZXiui) ft/jaw, l 3( t 3lr j xa ) -i±ai } 
ifiXtjdii ¥j /Wij (hjiroftat . 

r. 

r&ofiau, y'ysoficUj to be; (ytviw) yev/jaofiaU) tyevrjfdfirjV) ye- 
fivrjfiat, tyevrj&Tjv, fyevdpflw, yiyova, 

I'.sdHjy.cu, yryxixjxaj, to know ; (pww) yxixrcDj -o/iat, Eyxwxa, 
-ff/mt, iyvdxrOr^j jVOHr&rjffOfiat ) (jfvwjit) eyxov. 

A. 

Adxvu), to bite; (drjxwi) drjzw, -o/iac, idr^a^ d(drjya } -y/iaCj 



80 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

E. 

*Epyopat y to come; (IXebOai) £Xs(htojjlou, rjXeo<Ta.j r/Xudov, by 
Sync, rjkdov, rjXuda, and kXrjXoda. 

EbpiGzWj to find) (zbpkoi) ebpyjtra), ebpyffdpTjVy eupyxa, -pat } 
edpidrjy, ebpedrjeopat, sbpov, eupoprjv. 

v Eyw, to have ; e^co, (ayiai) (Tyrjcra), -opai, eeryTjxa, -pai } 
iayiQr^y <r%£drj(TOjj.atj e<jyo\>, layop.r^ • (jjyrjpi) 2 Act. Imp. 
<ry£g. 



BvTjtrxio, to die; dvrj^co) (Ovdui) ridvyxa, ridvaa, ridvsixa, 
and TiOyeta, reOvecbq, -maa, -atroq ) (dyjvai) edavov, Oavoupcu. 

I. 

*Ixv£op.ai y to come; (Jxco) -%opat, ItjdprjV) lypat, ix6pt)V y 

A. 

Aayydva), to obtain by lot; (Xrj%af) XrjZa), -opac } XJXyya, 
Ait. elX^ya, -ypat, eXayov, XiXoyya. 

Aa/jfidvct), to receive; (Xyjftuj) Xij(popai, XiXyya, Att. effajpa, 
XiXrjppat, Att. elXrjppat, eXyja>0^v } Att. tlX-qipdr^y Xrjcpdrjuopai) 
eX^afiov, £Xajj6/ji7}v. 

Aavdd>a), to lie hid; (7v^'#&>) X-qaiDy -opai, XiXrjGpai, and Xi- 
Xaapat, iX-qffdiqVy eXadov } IXadoprjVy XiXrjOa. 

M. 

Mavddvaj, to learn; (jiadiai) padrjcopai) kp.a0-qGdp.7jVy pepa- 
Orjxa, epadov. 

Mtpyrjcrxo), to remember; (pvduf) pvrj<ra>, -opai, epvrj&a, 
tpyrjcrdprjVj pipvrjpatj pepvrjffopat, ipvrjedrjv, pvr]<rd7J<yopat. 

0. 

y OXXup.c or oXXbojj to destroy ; (oXiai) 6X£<jWj wXeffa, wXexa } 
Att. dXwXexa, atXepatj d)X(<jdrjv y wXov, dXaij d>X6p7)v, oXovpat, 
wXa } Att. oXwXa. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 81 

77. 

Udcyu), to suffer ; (jrrjdw^) -rJGOfiat, Bceot. TzeiGotiai, errr^a, 
eizadov, izi-rfta] (jzadioj) -aOrjcra), l-dOr^a, -exdOyxa; (icivO*t) 
■xiizovda. 

flba) and xti/it, to drink ; (jzoui) -cogoj, izixtjxa, -fiac, and 
7z£TZ0[j.ai) l-oOrjVj (jzluj) -to fiat, 7Curopuu } eruov, two/ioli, (~Tp-t) 

TZlBl. 

Uiizraj, to fall ; (jrcdat) tztwglj, ~(-rwxa, -e-recbq, xe-rrjdjq, 
7ze77Tcu<; j (jzedico^) e-eaov, -ecrou/iai, 

T. 

Tixrw, to bring forth; (rixco^) ri^co, -o/iai, ^('/Ory^, erexov, 
kzexdfiry;, riroxa. 

Tpiyuj, to run; Opinio, (opafiiw) Sedpd/iTjxa, -fiac; (o/)t/iw) 
edpa/iov, dpafioufiac, didpo/iat. 

Tuyydvoj, to happen; (yuy(uj) ruyrjcra), hvyr^a, rezoy^xa) 
(zeoyw) reu^o/iac, zizeuya, rizuy/xat, zezo^otxat, izuyOry;, 
ezuyov. 

$lpw, to bear ; (otai) otau), o?<To/iai, oY.aOryj, olaOr^oiiat) 
(jtviyxo)} ry/tyxa, rysvyxapryj , rys(yOr t v, ryseyxov, TJveyxSfafyz 
(i>c/w) ryst'.xa, rysz'.xdfiry;, ryszixw, (^i/^>) hnjvo%a' } fcpopicu") 
(poprjau), icpopr^a, utcpopr^xat. 

ADVERBS. 

Those which require particular notice, as distinguished 
from the Latin, are the following : signifying 

In a place, ending in Oa, Oi, yq, you, ot, and ou : as, eV 
zaoOa, oupavoO'., 7:a>zay7 n and -dvzayou, -edot, oixol. 

Motion from a place, in 0s and 0ev : as, oupavoOz and <>u- 
pavoOev. 

Motion to a place, in tie, ft, <7t, and 61 : as, obpavfodt and 
oupa»6(T£, ya/id^e. 



82 greek rudiments. 

Adverbial Particles, 
Used only in composition, a or av, signifying 

Privation, from aveo, without : as, avudpog, without water. 
Increase, from ayav, much: as, a^uXoq, much wooded. 
Union, from ajxa, together: as, aXo^og, a consort 

The following signify increase : 

apt, from apw, to furnish. 
ftou, from ^ooq, an ox. 
fiptj from fipidbq, strong, 
da, from daabq, thick, 
epc, from el'pcu, to connect 
£<z, JEolice, for Sd. 
Xa, from Xiau, much. 
Xt, the same. 

Aoq signifies difficulty: as, doffrofico, to be unhappy. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

There are eighteen Prepositions : six Monosyllables : eiq, 
lx or $tf } h, npd, npos, and <rbv : twelve Dissyllables : d[i<pi, 
im, dvzi, dizo, dcd, in}, xard, /xsrd, izapd, nap), vizkp, and vizo. 

General Signification of Prepositions in 
Composition. 

'A/i<p\, 1. about, around. 2. doubt 
y Avd, 1. again, back. 2. upwards. 
*Avt\, 1. opposition. 2. return, instead.. 
And, 1. separation. 2. privation, away. 3. much. 
Atd, 1. through. 2. division. 
Eiq, in, to. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 83 

'Ex or ic, from, out of. 

'E\>, in. 

'Em, 1. addition. 2. upon. 3. attack. 

Kara, 1. completion. 2. downwards. 3. op>position. 

fthra, 1. participation. 2. change. 

Ilapd, 1. near. 2. beyond. 3. comparison. 

IJzp\, 1. about. 2. superiority. 

IJpdj 1. be/ore. 2. forwards. 

npdz, 1. motion towards. 2. conjunction, relation. 

low, together, with. 

c Y~ep, 1. ot'er. 2. beyond. 3. ybr. 

'Jiri, 1. under, from below. 2. diminution. 3. secretly. 



SYNTAX. 



THE NOMINATIVE AND VERB. 

A Neuter Plural is generally joined to a Verb Singular : 
as, aarpa waiverai. 

A Dual Nominative is often found with a Yerb Plural : 
as, a[±<pu) XiyooGi', but not a Plural Nominative with a 
Dual Yerb. 

THE SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. 

An Adjective of the Masculine Gender is sometimes 
construed with a Feminine Substantive : as, rw yovalze. 
This construction would appear intended to dignify the 
female sex : we meet in Euripides, in reference to Al- 
cestis, ol -Kpo&vriGxovTeq) where she is introduced, using 
not only the Masculine Gender, but the Plural Number. 
The Masculine Article appears to be limited to the Dual 
Number. 

A Substantive is sometimes used as an Adjective: as, 
yl&Gaav, EXMda ididage. Thus in English, "sea water/' &c» 

The Substantive is often changed into a Genitive Plural, 
preceded by a Pronoun or Article : as, of ayaOoi r&v &vOp&- 

THE RELATIVE AND ARTICLE. 

The Relative often agrees with its antecedent in case by 

attraction: as, £v ralg ioprdtSj alg rjyofj^v. The Relative, 

in this construction, sometimes precedes the Substantive : 

as, (tov fj e%£L<; duvd[i£i) something like our English "with 

what force you have." 
84 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 85 

The Article is poetically used for the Relative: as, xar^p f 
o a erpeye. 

The Article and the Participle, used for the Relative and 
Verb, is a common idiom in Greek : as, 6 poldmnt, he who 
guards; and should invariably be so translated. 

The Article is often used elliptically without a Substan- 
tive. First, in the Neuter Gender, signifying possession or 
relation : as, 6 6eo^ zd zd» d>0pa>-w\> dtoexei ) God directs 
the affairs of men. Secondly, in the Masculine, followed 
by i/ifl or *tp\ with a proper name, and signifying attend- 
ant*, or the party: as, ol dpq>\ Upia/wv. Thirdly, in a pe- 
culiar mode of construction, before an Accusative and an 
Infinitive: as, to yaipeiv ro?c fitflajpLam T.dvraq, abfupurov zo'.q 
dydpwizotq 1(7t\ j the circumstance, that all should delight in 
imitations, is natural to nun. So we have it repeatedly in 
the New Testament: as, h t<5 elvcu cubrdv; i. e. h tw %p6vqi 
or 7rpdjrfjLccrtj and may be translated, " while or when he icas." 

THE GENITIVE. 

The matter of which a thing is made, is put in the Geni- 
tive : as, 7o> dfypov ir.nir^zv (t^) layop&v £uAwv. Cost or 
valupj crime or punishment, difference or eminence, are put 
in the Genitive : as, dd$ abrd> rjfitv (d^rt) SpayjjS^' — Ypdeo- 
jiai r>i (jzepi) xAo-r,s. 

Part of time is expressed by the Genitive : as, (£-i) 
Olpuus re xa) ^elfiBvoq, 

Note. — The Prepositions, within the parentheses in the 
preceding examples, mean to signify what may be the latent 
government; this will be so understood in cases of future 
occurrence. 

Grief and nvrprise require the Genitive: as, T7 4 $ pmpiaqi 

win ft folly I 

Comparative* are followed by a Genitive, when the 
8 



86 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Greek for than is suppressed : as, dvapylaq peKov obx iert 
xaxou. 

Verbs expressive of the actions of the senses, except that 
of sight, require a Genitive : as, r<5v paprbpwv dxr/xoare. 

Words signifying plenty or want, take the Genitive : as, 
Tzkoixnoq xaxtuv. 

The Latin Ablative Absolute is expressed in Greek by 
the Genitive : as, qXiou riXXovrog. 

These are phrases of peculiar construction : xisw (jiipoq) 
odarog ; to drink some icater; analogous to the French 
"boire cle I'eau:" paxdpioq (ivexa) ztjz ?&%>}$} happy in 
fortune: pdp^aq (iz) -odoq viv, having seized him by the 
foot. Note the words presumed to be the latent govern- 
ment. 

THE DATIVE. 

The instrument and manner of an action are put in the 
Dative : as, dpyopiaiq Xoyyaiai pdyov. 

Verbs signifying to accompany or follow, to blame, con- 
verse icith, pray to, and to use, require the Dative : as, rw 
vr t eq £t:o>to. — robq rolq dpapravo pivoiq £ntTtpu5)VT€L$._ 

Verbal Adjectives govern the Person in the Dative, and 
the thing in the case proper to the kindred Verb : as, 
6puv rauza xpaxriov. Thus, in Latin, we meet " setate 
utendum est." 

c abrbq, the same, requires the Dative : as, T7jq aurrjq 
eiei ^rjpiaq aqiot ol (JoyxpoTzrovreq roTq i^apaprdvoucn ) those 
who conceal, are deserving of the same punishment as those 
who commit a Jaidt. So in Latin " idem facit occidenti" 
— Hor. 

THE ACCUSATIVE. 

The Accusative is of universal use, with xard understood : 
as, detvbq pdyrp. 

Verbs signifying to do or speak well or ill of, to give or 
take away, to admonish, to clothe, govern an Accusative of 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 87 

the person, and another of the thing: as, noXXa ayaOa r^v 
x6JLat i-oir t <7z. For the Accusative of the thing is frequently 
substituted the Adverbs eu, zay.wz, xolaw^. 

Distance and sp>ace are put in the Accusative : as, "Ifyeffoq 
ar.iyzt drzo Eapdlw rp'.ajv ijftepah 6oo>. 

VERBS PASSIVE. 

Verbs of a passive signification are followed by a Geni- 
tive, governed by 6nd } and, i/., -ana, or -pdq : as, 6 vovs 
u-d orsou d'.ac Oslo era:. 

THE INFINITIVE. 

The Infinitive is used to express the cause or end of an 
action : as, riq <j<pu)k £uvb)xe u.dyz^Oai. 

When the subject of the Infinitive is the same as that of 
the governing Finite Verb, it is also in the Nominative: as, 
EopozAqq k'crj a'JToq jj.h, otooq Set, avOp<l)-ooq no lew } Ebpi-ior^ 
ok, oloi el/ri; Sophocles said, that he (Sophocles) made men 
such as they aught to he; Euripides, such as they are. 
This Syntax we find imitated in Virgil : " sens It medlos de- 
lapsus In hostesJ* 

The Infinitive is used after the manner of Latin Gerunds 
and Supines, sometimes with, sometimes without, a Preposi- 
tion : as, xaXXiura Idstv y pulcherrima vlsu : i> toj \iaOz~.v ; 
In discendo. This we find imitated in Latin: as, tempus 
equUm solvere colla; niveus vldcrl, &c. 

Expressions of the form of u morlturus sum" are, exhi- 
bited id Greek by pittmi as, ftiXXm reOvdvat. Similar to 
this is the French u Je dais mourlr." 

The Infinitive is often used in an Imperative sense, some 
Bach Verb as Spa or fiipoajtfo being understood : as, /v.r y auy 
adavdrotai pAyetrOat. 

The Infinitive appears in a 6omewhat absolute form in 
these ex] : w$ 6xl&$ sliest* \ to speak plainly, — an 



88 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

idiom evidently familiar to our own language : as also, 
wq einety'y so to speak, — a common English phrase; — SoxeTv 
[lot) as it appears to me; where, perhaps, xard to may be 
supplied; — fitxpoo or oliyoo dew) almost, nearly; literally, 
so as to want little, were being understood. Sometimes, 
even the Infinitive dew is omitted. 



THE PARTICIPLE. 

The Participle is often elegantly preceded by the Verbs 
£ljllLj ybopLat, <pabo[±ai, bizdpyu), eyoj, xbpco : as, obx iydpbq 
VTTTjpyev wv; he was not an enemy. 

Tuyydvu), joined with a Participle, may be translated, by 
chance ; Xavddvu), priva tely or ignorantly ; <pddva), previously ; 
in which phrases the Participle is to be translated as a Verb : 
thus, eroyov h rw oixw wv ; I was in the house by chance; 
literally, I happened being (or to be) in the house: iXddojiev 
Sia<p(po\>T£q) we unwittingly differed; literally, we were not 
aware differing, or that we differed. 

ArjXoq, (pavepbq, d<pavr)<; 1 &c, are also used Adverbially 
with Participles : as, o.brdg touto tloi&v wavepoq rjv; he mani- 
festly did this. 

The Participle is used, instead of an Infinitive, after 
Verbs signifying to desist, persevere, perceive, show; or ex- 
pressing an affection of the mind: as, ttjv elprjvrjv ayovrsq 
ScareXodffc ; they continue to preserve peace : d.eov ou Xij^co 
-KpoG-cdrrp lyu)v ; / shall not cease to have God for my de- 
fender: (±£tjyrj<jo avdpiimoq tbv; remember that you are a man. 

ADVERBS 

Are followed by the Genitive, Dative, or Accusative; 
either because they are originally Nouns, or because those 
cases are governed by a Preposition understood. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 89 

EXAMPLES OF THE FORMER. 

niyv] rejection: nXijv ifwo) excepting me. 
Xdpvs) for tlie sake: %dpiv "Exropos) for the sake of 
Hector. 

Xtaplg; separation: %wp\s zwv avdpwv) icithout the men. 
Too A'.bz bxDTCioVy in the sight of Jap iter. 

EXAMPLES OF THE LATTER. 

A>£u (arro) dvopdt&V] icithout names. 

"Afia (gov) Xa&i with the people. 

NaX fid (jtxX) rode ffxjJTrcpov) I swear by this sceptre. 

Note. — Md generally denies, except joined with va\' } y/j 
affirms, unless joined with a Negative. 

Adverbs of time are sometimes changed into Adjectives : 
as, ov yj>r t 7cayvo%ioY eudeiv ffooAifydpov ay$pa. 

Adverbs of quality are elegantly joined with the Verb.s 
e%ajj isdtryWy -olew, cpipto, fpuyx^ %pdoftat 9 &c. : as. 

t H&lw$ i%t Qreaurdv) -pdq a-avraq ) be pleasant to all. 
Eu xdGyeiv; eu izoteiv) to receive a favour ; to confer a 
favour. 

Two or more Negatives strengthen the negation : as, 

Oux IfRy oodkv; there is nothing. 

Oddinore o&dbt ob fiy fivqrat xmv deovrcuv ) nothing WHAT- 
EVER, that is necessary, will be clone, 

PREPOSITIONS. 

*Avr\ d-d, ix. or ifj and -pd, govern only the Genitive ; 
h and 6vv } only the Dative; and els or i?j only the Ac- 
cusative. 

B« 



90 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Aid. 
Gen. and Ace. as, Sid yeiji&voq — did izovxov 
as, did paxpoo ypovou. 



Through ; 

After ; 

On account of; Ace. as, did <r£. 



Kara. 

Gen. as, duvai xard T7jq yrjq. 

as, xard arparoo. 

— « as, xard rr^q TioXewq. 



Under; 

Through ; 

Against ; 

According to ; Ace. as, xard koyov C^v. 

In ; as, i^iadrp xard xXicpobq. 



Yxlp. 

Above; Gen. as, b~kp yr t q £<tti. 

For; as, dvqaxa) bizkp <r£dev. 

Over; Ace. as, weep rov dopov. 

Beyond ; as, dbvapiq bxkp avdpwnov. 



"Avd. 
Upon ; Dat. as, eudsi dvd axrjizTpui A\oq atezoq. 

Through; Ace. as, dvd opt], 

'A/i<pi. 

On account of; Gen. as, nidaxoq ap<pi p.d%e<r0ov. 

About ; Gen. j Dat., and Ace. as, dp(p\ T.oXioq olxovai. — dp<p\ 

aw part. — dp<p\ Tpoiav. 
Concerning; Gen. as, <pdpev dp<pl daipovwv xaXd. 
•On account of; Dat. as, dn<p\ yuvaui ndayeiv. 

'Em. 

Upon ; Gen. as, im dpovou haOi^ero. 

•On account of; Dat, as, obx eVrc aoyob hti roTq npoydvots 
piya <ppo\>7jffai. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



91 



Upon; Dat. as, e^' foraj. 

Near; as, l~\ ardfiari rod izorafiod. 

To; Ace. as, epyzaO' hci de~i~vov. 

On ; as, bcl yaiav. 

Mtrd. 

With; Gen. as, fierd riyyr^. 

Among; Dat. as, abrb^ fierd -pojrotfft. izoveTro. 

To ; Ace, as, Zeu^ efty //crd daira. 

After; as, of ytfitoi //era rov deov aib^ouci Try 

x6JLt». 

Tlapd. 



From; 


Gen. 


as, ou 7:apd (fikapyupoo 


i-tZyTcTv. 






At; 


Dat. 


as, nap* oyOaa;. 


Near; 
To; 


Ace. 


as, ftrj izapd Qvm OaXdaat]^ 
as, izapd ere epyojiat. 




Above ; 




as, izapd rd akka £aia. 




Against ; 




as, izapd tpiMTtv. 



Ilzpi. 

About; Gen. , Dat., and J.cc. as, r/ izep) (poy?^ kkiyofiev. — 

Owpaxa izep) rolq aripvotq. — <pukaxr) izep) rd <Joj/ia. 
For ; Gen. as, djwveaOat izep\ izdrp-qq. 



By; 

For; 



Epos. 

Gen. as, izpoq rebv Oewv. 

as, izpds (TOO) ouok i/j.0Uj <fpd<ja). 



From; ypt]arou izpbq fodpd$ jirfikv OxovSet xaxdv. 

Towards ; Dat. as, izpbq t<5 riXet rod flfov. 

To ; Ace. as, a o° av fidOy izalq, raura awcaaOat (filet izpo$ 

rip**- 

Against; Ace. as, izpoz xtvrpa /jltj kdxri^e. 



92 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
'Trro. 



Under; Gen., Dot, and Ace. as, u-d voaoo &-o0avew. o<p 

Tjlio). — dizayaycbv otto <poivrx.aq. 
By; Gen. as, 6-d xprjarajv ay o fiat. 



RESPONDENT PARTICLES. 



'Exetddv, 
^H/iat, 

'Hflkv, 

*Hfio<;, 

c HAxa, 

"Otzoo, 
01, 



Tore, 



> when, 

lohere, 
where, 

then, 



r Ht, as far, 

* ' laov, just, 

Kdddnep, 
c Q<re), 



J as , 



Mkv, 

Mh, 

c 0fio2ov, 

< 0/io'twq i 

Ildpoq, 

n P h } 

nporepov, 



indeed, 
both, 



before, 




(JJGaOTCDS, 



*\ C OJ(TT£, \ 

I like, < « I 

j ' [axTTzep, J 



OJCFTZep, 
TZph, 

TZph, 
TTph, 



SO. 

so. 
thus, 
but. 
and. 

as. 



that, 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 93 



"Oggclxi, as often, zoaaaxi, so often. 

OutqjSj so, toq, as. 

r ojg-z, so. 
< xai, so. 

V. ajffaurwz, thus. 



wGT.tp, as, 



Note. — The above order of the Respondent Particles 
may be found reversed. 



PROSODY. 



A syllable in which a short or doubtful Vowel precedes 
two Consonants or a double letter, is long : as, xXaypj. If 
in different words, it is sometimes short : as, jioTpa xparaiyj) 
7TT£pdevra npoffrjuda, &C. 

A short syllable is often made long before a digammated 
Vowel: 5s of, for Fol\ — /liXavoq ohoio, for Foivoio. 

When three short syllables come together, it is necessary, 
for the sake of the metre in Heroic Measure, that one should 
be made long : as, aOdvaroq, adiarog, JlpZajitd^q. 

ONE VOWEL BEFORE ANOTHER. 

A Vowel before another does not suffer elision, as in 
Latin, at the end of a word, unless an apostrophe is sub- 
stituted. 

A long Vowel or Diphthong is generally shortened at 
the end of a word (and even sometimes at the beginning), 
before a Vowel : as, ohai lv. 

CONTRACTION. 

A contracted syllable is always long : as, o<piz<;, 6<plq. 

Two successive Vowels, naturally forming two Syllables, 
frequently coalesce in poetry : as, ^puaioj, pronounced as if 
XpLHjui. 

COMPOUNDS AND DERIVATIVES. 

Compounds and Derivatives follow the law of their sim- 
ples : as, TL/j.rj, arliivq ) e^vyoy, (fvyrj. 
94 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 95 

A privative is short: as, mrtfi&q, 

Bpt, duz, and £a, are short : as, ZaQzoq 

INCREASE OF NOUNS. 

A is short : as, (rw/iazoq. Except Nouns in av, aa>oq : as, 
Ttray, Tiravoq ; and the Doric Genitive : as, 'Arpetdao, jiou- 
(7aoj> for fwocHFotv. Except, also, xipaq (in Euripides and 
Anacreon), xpdq, *P&P% Oeopaq } l(pa£ } xopdaq, viaz, pdq f 

I is short : as, iptz, epidos. Except words of two termi- 
nations : as, deXyh or deA<p\<;, tvoq\ and Monosyllables: as, 
Ocz, Olsoz'y but J:~, Jcdq ) &P^?f r f*Z*^) **£} G'Xyoq) rfc, 
vivos, are short. Except from the general rule, Nouns 
making tOe?: as, Bpvts, &pvZO<*;) and those making tdoq y if 
the penult of the Nominative be long : as, x>r y /./.:c, xvtyfiidos. 
So also Nouns in t£, v(t>z, or iv.oz : as, fidffrc?, -t^c; cr.v :>.'?, 
Zxoq\ and Monosyllables in up, txoqi as, 0/XC', -Z~oz. 

T is short : as, nup } xvp6$. Except words of two termi- 
nations : as, (popxuv, and tpopxuz^ -vvoz : as, also, X7jpuq } 
-vxoc. rpbd', -u-uq; yiMp, -&f«?j fiifipoSj -uzoq, are common. 

PENULTIMA OF THE TENSES OF VERBS. 

The quantity of all Tenses generally remain the same as 
in the Tense from which they are formed: as, from xpivm 
are formed expivov, xplvofiat, ixpiv&pLT}*; from xptviD are formed 
xixpCxa, xixpifxaty ixptOy*, 

The Per/ret follows the quantity of the First Future: as, 
xzi%(») y-i(T(Oj £XTkXa' } <S'>vj, (fvtTuj, -((fv/.a. 

If the penult of the First Future be long by position, 
and not by nature, that of the Perfect is short : as, jpdnfm } 
rtrpZfa. 

The Perfect Middle follows the quantity of the Second 
Aorist: as, Sriricov, rtrvira. Except fiifipi$a } efifitYa, xixpdra } 
xixpZya, /&£ftvxa f KlizpaYOLy ic(<ppixa } rirpZyoL, &c. 



96 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

The doubtful Vowels are long before at : as, rer6<pa(Tt, 
dezxvoei. 

In the First Aorist Participle, the penult of the termina- 
tion acta is long. 

In the Imperative of Verbs in [it, o is short in Polysylla- 
bles : as, xlxkvdt ; but long in Dissyllables : as, xXudt. 

In the First Future, a, t, and o, followed by <no, are 
short ; as, 6ao[id^w, dao[iaaco j vofii^a), voyXaa) ', xXu£a), 
xXvgu). 

But Verbs in am pure, or paio, have the a of accu long : 
as, dedw, 6eao~a> ; dpdco, dpa<ju). Igu) and oao) are long from 
Verbs in w pure : as, rtm, rlaco ; lo-yoco, i<r/yau>. 

QUANTITY OF THE LAST SYLLABLE. 

A Towel at the End of a Word. 

Final a, r, and o, are short. Except Nouns in da, 6a, pa, 
ea, ca, and Polysyllables in aca : as, xepaia • with evXdxa, 
XdOpa, and izipa. Except also the following : 

Duals of the First Declension : as, [lovaa. 
Adjectives in a pure, and pa from Masculines in oc : as, 
Stxata, i] fieri pa. 

Nouns in eta, from eouf ; as, dooXeza, from dooXei)u>. 
Oxytons of the First Declension : as, yapd. 
Vocatives of Proper Names in aq: as, Alveia. 
The Doric a : as, d -nay a, for '/} 7z^yij. 

Final t is long in the names of letters : as, f?; with xpl. 
In the paragoge of Pronouns and Adverbs : as, obroal, vuv). 
Except the Dative Plural : as, aolat. The Attic t } for, a, e, 
or o, is also long : as, raor\ for raura; 6d\ for ,ode ; toot) for 

TOVTO. 

Final u is long in the Imperfect and Second Aorist of 
Verbs in opx\ as, i^eoyvo) — in the names of letters: as, fiu) 
with ypb -, I) is common. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 97 

Final a>, tv } and ov are short. But av is long in words 
circumflexed : as, Da;. 

Oxytons masculine : as, Ttrda 

These Adverbs : ayav, euav } Xiav s nipav. 

The Accusative of the First Declension, whose Nomina- 
tive is long: as, Abeiav, ydtav. 

h is long in words of two terminations : as, 8?X(fh and 
Jc/c:; ; in ^a?v and byXv % when circumflexed; rh, Dor. for 
em ; and xov.v. Ilph is sometimes long in Homer. 

Nouns in <v, uoq, are long : as, fayfitv. 

Y> is long in words of two terminations : as, pSpxuv and 
ipopy.uq. 

In Accusatives from uq long : as, 6<ppuv ; with vdv. 

In the Imperfect and Second Aorist of Verbs in ofit : as, 

Ap and up final, are short. But yap and abzap are some- 
times long in Homer; and -up is long. 

Aq, iq } and uq final, are short. But aq is long in the 
Nominatives of Participles : as, ru^aq ; and in all cases of 
the First Declension: as, ra/uaq, <f'Maq, fiouaaq ; it is long 
in the Accusatives Plural in aq, from the long a in the Ac- 
cusative Singular of Nouns in euq ; and finally Nouns in aq, 
gyros', as, Aiaq) with zdkaq. 

Iq is long in Nouns of two terminations : as, Sefyls and 
ozA(f\;' } and in Nouns increasing long: as, x>r y //:c, Spvtq j and 
z)q, x:6q. 

Yq is long in words of two terminations : as, <p6pxuq and 
if6p/jj>) in Monosyllables: as, ;j.uq ; with zoj/iuq. Oxytons 
making the Genitive in oq pure, have the uq of the Nomina- 
tive long: as, -hfihq) lyOhq is common. We find uq long 
also in Verbs in u/u : as, lozwuq. 



98 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



ACCENTS. 



The Acute (') is used on the last syllable, the penultima, 
or the antepenultima. 

The Grave Q is used on the last syllable only; but when 
that syllable is the last of a sentence, or followed by an en- 
clitic, the Acute is used. 

The Circumflex (~) is used on the last or the penultima. 

The Acute and the Grave are put either on long or short 
syllables ; the Circumflex on syllables long by nature, and 
never on the penultima, unless the last syllable is short. 
No word has more than one Accent, unless an Enelitic 
follows. 

Enclitics throw their accent on the preceding word, when 
the antepenult is acuted, or the penult circumflexed : as, 
avdpwizoq irrt ; aa>[id kart. 

Ten words are without Accents, called Atonies: o, y, of, 
al } el, elq, h, £? (or ix), ob, (ovx or 0%) wq. 

RULES OF ACCENTS. 

Monosyllables, if not contracted, are acuted: as, 6q, xobs } 
Xetp. 

Monosyllables of the Third Declension accent the last 
syllable of the Genitives and Datives, but the penultima of 
other cases : as, S. %£ip, %eipb<z, X eL Ph X £ ^P a - -^* Z e ^P e > 
Xetpolv. P. %stpH, zetp&v, X e P°h Z&P<*S- 

Dissyllables, if the first be long, and the last short, cir- 
cumflex the former; as, [lovaa, in other cases, they acute 
the former : as, [lobar^y Xoyoq, Xoyoo. 

Polysyllables, if the last syllable be short, acute the 
antepenultima : as, avQpioizoq ; if long, the penultima : as, 
avdpd)iz(H). 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 99 



EXCEPTIONS WITH THE LAST SYLLABLE SHORT. 

1. Participles Perfect Passive: as, Tsru t ati(voq. 

2. Verbals in eos and eov : as, ypa-rioz, ypazriov. 

3. The increasing cases of Oxjtons : as ; Aa/urdc, lap.* - 
&oz', tu~e\z, TUTcivros} as the Accent of the Xominative is 
generally preserved in all the cases, on the corresponding 
syllable. 

4. Many Derivatives : as, xatdtovj ha^zioq. 

5. Compounds of {JdXXm, -oAico, yia> } if not with a Prepo- 
sition : as, ixy/MXoq. 

6. Compounds of tixtcj, xreba), rpiyco, and d£%o/iac } with 
a Noun, if they have an Active signification : as, jcpwroro- 
xoq) she who 'produces her first child : ^tcpoxzovoq) he who 
hills with a sword: paqrpoxrdvoq ] a matricide : laozpoyoz, 
he who feeds the people. If they have a Passive significa- 
tion, they follow the general rule: as, 7:pu)T6~oxoq; the first- 
born child: £i<p6xrovos} he who is hilled with a sword: 
pyrpSzTovos ; he who is hilled by his mother: Xaozpocpoq) 
he who is fed by the people. 

7. Compounds of Perfects Middle with Nouns and Adjec- 
tives : as, diGTpoXSyoS) oixoxj/aoz, TzaiMpdyoq. 

v Many other Compounds retain the Accents which they 
had in their simple state : as, aurocpi, obpovoOzv, xareTyov, 

GUV7 t X0uv. 

So also, Prepositions which preserve their final Yowel in 
composition : as, ar.6ou$ } l~i<jyiz. 

EXCEPTIONS WITH THE LAST SYLLABLE LONG. 

The Attic mode of keeping the Accent on the antepe- 
nultinici in MeviXeu>s for Mtv&Xaos\ XiGewg for Xi^eoqj or 
the Ionic Genitive: as, IfyXyiddewi or the Compounds of 
y£Xwz : as, ftX6yeXwg f can scarcely be called exceptions, as 



100 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

the last two syllables were, in pronunciation, contracted 
into one. 

Ac and oc final, are considered as short in Accentuation : 
as, fiovaat, avOpwnot. Except Optatives : as, (piXiJGai, zero- 
<poi ) Infinitives of the Perfect in all Voices, of the Second 
Aorist Middle, and of the Present of Verbs in [it : as, zero- 
<pivai^ TerucpOcu, rerorcivat • roiziadai * lardvai. 

The Genitive Plural of the First Declension circum- 
flexes the last syllable : as, fiouawv. Except Adjectives of 
the First Declension, whose Masculine is of the second; 
as, aytog, dyiwv, dyia, dytwv ' } with krrjaiwv, yrXowMV, and 

%pyj<7T(DV. 

Oxytons of the First and Second Declension, circum- 
flex the Genitives and Datives : as, 

Sing. Tlfli], TtJJLTjq, TL/ljjy TC/JLTjVj Tl/ULTJ. 

Dual. TL[XGL, tc/jlouv. 

Plural. TLfxalj ztp.uJv, ztjiaiq, Ttpdg, ri[±ai. 

Vocatives Singular in so and 01 are circumflexed : as, 
fiacnXsu, al^oT. 

Pronouns are Oxytons, except ovroq, helvoq, delva, and 
those in repoq : as, yjiiirepoq. 

The Imperatives, kXdk, sink, evpk, ide, and Xafik, are ac- 
cented on the last, to be distinguished from the Second 
Aorist Indicative. 

The Prepositions , placed after their case, throw back 
their Accent : as, dedb &tzo. Except dvd and dcd, to distin- 
guish them from «W, the Vocative of ava% : and from Aia, 
the Accusative of Zeus or Aiq. Oxytons, undeclined, lose 
their Accents when the final Vowel suffers Elision : as, 
dXX' aye, nap i/iou. Those that are declined, throw an 
Acute on the penult : as, n6XX y £m } d&tv eizaOov. 

Contractions are circumflexed, if the former of the 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 101 

two syllables to be contracted is acuted : as, voo$ } voD<rj 
<p'Mo>is>, (pdoupev) otherwise they retain the Acute: as, 

ENCLITICS. 

The oblique cases of the Pronouns : tIs } tc, indefinite, in 
all its cases. 

Verbs, el/ii and py/M, in the Present Indicative, except 
the Second Person Singular. 

Adverbs, -r h noo } -uj } -ajq, izodev^ -ore, when not used 
interrogatively. 

Conjunctions, yk, ri, xe, zkv, 6i}v, vb, vuv, xep, pa y rot, and 
dkj after Accusatives of motion : as, ofzovde. 

Enclitics lose their Accent in the beginning of a clause, 
and when they are eruphatical, or followed by another 
Enclitic. 

Enclitic Monosyllables lose their Accent after a word 
acuted on the penultima : as, Xoyoq /±ou ; but Dissyllables 
retain it : as, Xdyoq iari ; else the Accent would be on the 
praeantepenultima. So oov nv6q. 

The Pronouns preserve their Accent after Prepositions, 
and after hzxa or ^ : as, did ai. 'Ecri accents its first syl- 
lable, if it begins a sentence, is emphatical, or follows dlX\ 
el, xat, oux, cus, or tout; as, oux e<m. 

Difference in Accentuation serves to mark difference in 
signification, and has on some occasions given precision to 
the language, and even determined the ambiguous mean- 
ing of a law. Of this distinction a few instances may be 
given : — 

aywv, leading. dyiuv, a context. 

aATjOeq, truly. dlrjOks, true. 

aXXa, other things. dXXd } but. 

a-Xooq, unnavigable. arrXods, simple. 
H 



102 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



apa, then. 
fttos, life, 
didojievy we give, 
doxoq, opinion. 
el(TL, he goes, 
evt, he is in. 
e^Opa, enmity. 
£wo\>, an animal. 
&ia, a sight, 
d-icovy running, 
i'ov, a violet. 
xdXwq, a cable. 
Xdoq, a stone. 
Xeuxr), a poplar. 
p.6v7j y alone, 
fib p to t , ten thousand. 
v£o$ } new. 
vofioq, a law. 
ojulojs, yet. 
7td0a>y I advise. 
Trovypoq, laborious. 
Tpo%oS) a course. 
w/jlosj a shoulder. 



apa y aninterrog. particle — dpd } 

fads, a bow. [a prayer, 

dcSo/iev, to give* 

doxoq, a beam. 

eie], they are. 

&\j in. 

tydpa, hostile. 

^wov, living. 

tied, a goddess. 

-ftsajv, of gods. 

idv, going. 

xaXwq, well. 

Xadz, a people. 

Xeuxijj ivhite. 

fiovijj a mansion. 

p.op tot, innumerable. 

vco<r, afield. 

vo/jlos, a pasture. 

6/iws, together. 

Tzetdcb, persuasion. 

novypos, wicked. 

rpo^bq, a wheel. 

(bfjidqj cruel. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 103 



DIALECTS. 



THE ATTIC 

Loves Contractions : as, <rdoj for euiaj, ydetv for efdea*. 

Its favourite letter is co y which it uses for o. 

It changes Long into Short, and Short into Long Sylla- 
bles : as, hws for Xadq. 

In Nouns, it changes o, or, and ou, of the Second De- 
clension into w : as, N. V. ha>q. G. kew. D. hu> t A. 

It changes v.a into r^ : as, fcnrgs for fmrec?. 

It makes the Vocative like the Nominative : as, iL izdz^py 
a> ftkoq. — Soph. 

In some Nouns it makes the Accusative in w, instead of 
o>v, wa, or w>a : as, lay a), Mha>, IJoffecdaJj for Xaywv, Mivwa } 
IIu<jsi(ja»a. 

It changes the Genitive eoq into ews : as, (kurtiiws for 
flcurdioi;. 

In Peri*, it changes the Augment £ into rj, in rfftouldfijjVj 
ijduvdfiTjV, ^fieXXov. 

It changes ec into # : as, ydew for etdetv. 

It adds a syllable to the Temporal Augment : as, vpdcoj 
iwpauv, for tupaov) el'xaj, eotxa, for olxa. 

It adds Oa to the Second Person in a : as, r t oOa for jfc ; 
oldaaOa, by Syncope, o7<x#a for olda^. 

It changes /e and fie of the Perfect into et : as, eV^ca 
for k(kr t ifa) et/iap/iat for fi(t±api±at) £ ■": key fj.au for kikeyriac. 

It drops the Reduplication in Verbs beginning with two 
Consonants : as, IfiXdaryxa for ^{ikdazr^.d. 

It repeats the first two letters of the Present before the 
Augment of Verbs beginning with a, e, o : as, 6X£w } wXsxa, 
dXibXexa. 



104 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

It forms the First Future and Perfect of Verbs in w : as, 
from ecu 5 thus, &£Xa>, deXrJGco, rediXrjxa, as if from &sl£a>. 

Ijt drops a in the First Future : as, vo^ta), circumflexed, 
for v ojucj a) • y.0 peel for xopicrst. 

It changes e, in the penultima of the Perfect Active, into 
: as, earpocpa from Grpicpco • ttXoya for XiXeya. 

It forms the Pluperfect Singular in 77, r^, 77. 

It changes erwGav and arcocravj in the Third Person Plural 
Imperative, into ovtwv and avrcov : as, totztovtcov for TOTzri- 
raxjav ) rucpdvrcov for TucfidrtoGav ' y and GdcuGav into gOcov : as, 
tu7zt£<tQiuv for TUTzriffdajcTav. 

It makes the Optative of Contracts in tjv; as, (ptlbfyv for 
gttXoljM. 

It changes /a before //at in the Perfect Passive of the 
Fourth Conjugation into g : as, TzicpaGjiat for ~£(fa/i/iai. 

THE IONIC 

Loves a concourse of Vowels : as, Tuxredi for tuttttj ; <re- 
Xrpait] for GeXijvrj. 

Its favourite letter is 77, which it uses for a and e. 

It puts soft Mutes for aspirate, and aspirate for soft : as, 
kvOavra for hravQa; xtOwv for %lt(dv. 

It prefixes and inserts e: as, icbv for ujv) xotrjTicM for 
izoa]T<bv ; deGizoreaq for deGixoraq. 

It inserts : : as, /fete for pia ; and, instead of subscribing, 
adds it : as, Oprj'ixeq for Opaxeq J ftiqfdioq for padcoq. 

In Nouns of the First Declension, it changes the Genitive 
00 into ew : as, Tzoiyricu for 7zoit]tou. 

It changes the Dative Plural into yq and #<rc : as, deiyyq, 
X£cpa?<fjGt } for -«T^, -aiq. 

In the Second Declension it adds 1 to the Dative Plural : 
as, toTgc epyotGi for roTq epyotq. 

In the third, it changes e into 77 : as, fiaGdijoq for 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 105 

It terminates the Accusative of Contracts in w and wc, in 
ouv : as, aidouv for aidoa. 

In Verbs, it omits the Augment : as, (iy for efty. 

It prefixes an unusual Reduplication : as, zizafiw for 
exafiov ) XzlaOicOco for AaOiaOco. 

It terminates the Imperfect and Aorists in <rxov - } as, r^rr- 
Tevxov, TU<pa<rxo¥) for ertwrrw, erwfra. 

It adds <n to the Third Person Subjunctive : as, TtrnvQai 
for ru-zr r 

It changes e^, £!£, ec of the Pluperfect, into ea, eaq, ee, 
&c. ; as, ~7eru<f£a, aq, &c. 

It forms the Third Person Plural of the Passive in arat 
and o.to : as, ro-riarai for zu-rovrai ; hiOiaro for hiOzvro ) 
eazo for {pro. 

It resumes in the Perfect, the Consonant of the Active : 
as, rertxfarac for zzzuojiivot efoi. 

It changes a into the Consonant of the Second Aorist : 
as, 7ze(ffjdoazai for r.zcpaaiii^oi eitri. 

THE DORIC 

Loves a broad pronunciation ; its favourite letter is a, 
which it uses for £, r h o } cu, and oo. 

It changes £ into go : as, ogooj for 8£a>. 

In ^Vo?^/s, in the First Declension, it changes oo of the 
Genitive into a : as, dioa for didou. 

In the Second Declension, it changes ou of the Geni- 
tive into uj : as, Ozoj for #£<;D ; and ouq, of the Accusative 
Plural, into oq and w?: as, tfso;- for » ( >£o'j-- a;0(>oj-u)q for 

In the Third Declension, it changes eoc; of the Genitive 
into euq : as, yzilz>)~ for /r;/£o^. 

In Perk, it forms the Second Person Singular of the 
Present in ez : as, rcwrrec for nwrrecc 

It changes o/ccv of the First, and <>ug> of the Third, 



106 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Person Plural, into o/isq and ovrc : as, Xiyojieq, XiyovTc, for 
Xiyojmev, XiyooGt. 

It forms the Infinitive in julzv and p.evac : as ; ruizri/iev and 
TU7zri/j.£vac ) for rbizzetv. 

It forms the Feminine of Participles in ocaa, eo<ja, and 
uxja) as, TDnroiGOL) tutztslhtol, and roTzrajaa, for roTzroofra. 

It forms the First Aorist Participle in acq, acaa, acv : as, 
rv(p-acq, -acaa, -aw, for iu(paq, -a<ra, -av. 

In the Passive, it forms the First Person Dual in ecdov, 
and Plural in eada : as, roTzro/i-eddov, -zada, for ru7zz6p.edov, 
-eda. 

It changes oo of the Second Person into eo : as, tutztbu 

for T07ZTOU. 

In the Middle, it circumflexes the First Future : as, 
zoipoofiat for ru^ofiac, as in the Active, ro(paj for rbipa). 

It forms the First Person Singular of the Future in 
eu/xac, and the Third Plural in suvrac : as, ro(peop.ac, ru(p- 
euvrat. 

THE ^SOLIC 

Changes the aspirate into the soft breathing : as, y/±£pa 
for y/iipa. 

It draws back the Accent : as, eyco for bytb) cpr^c for <pr)tu) 
ayadoq for ayaObq ; and circumflexes acuted Monosyllables : 
as, Zeoq for Zeus. 

It changes ^ into si : as, rede epic for rid-qjic. 

It puts (9a for 0£v : as, oTzcada for otzcgOsv. 

It resolves Diphthongs : as, 7ra^ for -alg. 

In Nouns of the First Declension, it changes ou into ao : 
as, aidao for di'dou. 

It changes aw of the Genitive Plural into acov, and aq, of 
the Accusative, into acq : as, pouaawv, pobcacq, for pooamv, 
ixouaaq. 

In the Third Declension, it changes the Accusative of 



1 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 107 

Contracts, in to and wz, into w> : as, alow; for aldoa ; and 
the Genitive ouc into a*?. 

It forms the Third Person Plural of the Imperfect and 
Aorists of the Indicative and Optative in cav : as, hu-rocav 

for STVTTTOV. 

It changes the Infinitive in av and ouv into ate and otc : 
as, feXcuq for ^c/5> ; xpv<roT$ for youGouv. 

It changes e» of the Infinitive into jv : as, t&Jtnjv for 
rwrretv. 

In the Passive, it changes titOa into tied* and /aefcy : as, 
rtncrdfiede and rcnrt&fieQ&f) for Toirrdfieffa. 

THE POETS 

Have several peculiarities of Inflection. 

They use all Dialects; but not indiscriminately, as will be 
seen in the perusal of the best models in each species of 
Poetry. In general, they adopt the most ancient forms, as 
remote from the common Dialect. 

They lengthen short Syllables, by doubling the Conso- 
nants : as, z<j6z~(i.'. fur seerat ) by changing a short Vowel 
into a Diphthong : as, tb for h>) fiovvo<; for fi6voq' } eUrjlouO- 
pev fur i/.Yj/jjOafj.£> j or by v fioal : as, iazh <piXov. 

They add Syllables; as, <f6a>z for etiz', 6pdm for o/>5>; 
(j(u.»<7i'.Lvmi for gwgivs. 

They drop short Vowels in Pronunciation, to diminish 
the number of Syllables : as, o>idu) for daadaj ; fyevro for 

They drop Syllables : as, aXtpt for SXptrov ) xpl for 
xpifiyoVf Idea fur liirapov f Suva for dfrxura:) cdu> for lad- 

OJ(7£ y &C. 

In Nouns, they form the Genitive and Dative in <s: : as, 
xzcfo/.y^c: from /.zisa).r t ) trr/'arocft from (Tznaroz) oy?(J(f> from 
o/"^ ) vatxpi fur valjai. So abr6<pi fur anralz. 

In the Second Declension, they change the Genitive ou 



108 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

into oco : as, 7roXi;ioto xaxolo for izoXljiou xaxoo (HoM.), and 
oiv in the Dual, into oiiv : as, Xayofiv for Xdyoiv. 

In the Third Declension they form the Dative Plural by 
adding c or at to the Nominative Plural : as, izaTq, TzaTdzq, 
iz aidea c, or 7zaide<y<Tt. 

They form several Yerbs of a peculiar termination, in 0o) } 
xu), pu)j <?y<jl>, G0(Dj (JtziDj <Tyo) y fw, eta), eivo), TjiOy otaw, ooco, 
and o)w • as, ftsfipcbdo), "<?&>, &c. So oJgo) from ofw • opata 
from opo)j &c. 

They have Particles peculiar to themselves : as, of/iou, 
dr d &a } exiqTCj ^[loq, iiitKpa, vipde, oya, xe } pd^ &c» 



DIGAMMA. 



The old Dialects of Greece admitted few or no Aspirates. 
The Digamma was calculated to prevent the hiatus which 
the concurrence of Vowels would produce. Aspirates were 
afterwards introduced into all the Dialects, except the 
iEolic, which adhered to the Digamma; hence, it has pre- 
served the name of the iEolic. It has also, with great pro- 
priety, been called the Homeric Digamma : that great poet 
adopted the original forms of the iEolic and Ionic Dialects, 
which threw a majestic air of antiquity on his poetry. 
This ancient form Homer dignifies by the appellation of the 
language of the Gods. Virgil, and among the moderns, 
Tasso and Milton, successfully imitated that practice, by 
the introduction of antiquated expressions, which removed 
their language from the common idiom, and cast a venerable 
gloom of solemnity on their style. To that principle may, 
in a great measure, be attributed the use of the Digamma 
by Homer. 

The use of the Digamma having been insensibly abolished 
by the introduction of Aspirates, the transcribers of the works 
of Homer neglected to mark it; and at length the vestiges 
of its existence; were confined to a few ancient inscriptions. 
The harmonious ear of the Poet has led him sedulously to 
avoid every hiatus of Vowels; but the absence of the Di- 
gamma made him inharmonious and defective. To remove 

10 10!) 



110 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



in some degree this difficulty, his Commentators interposed 
the final v, or the Particles, j\ d\ r ; but these could be 
only partially adopted, and were far from exhibiting the 
Poet in all the charms of his original style. Numberless 
passages remained in their naked deformity, and exercised 
the conjectural sagacity of Grammarians and Commentators. 
Thus, in the Verse in the opening of the Iliad, 'Hpdicov 
aurobq Sk iXwpta reo/e xvvsggiv — aware of the inharmonious 
effect of the concurrence of the two e, they cut off the for- 
mer. The quantity of the latter created another difficulty. 
Some doubled the X, and others asserted that e was length- 
ened before the liquid : but there were passages to which 
even these and similar expedients were inapplicable. A 
successful effort was made by the great Bentley to remove 
these embarrassments. The restoration of the Digamma 
has at length vindicated the Poet, and displayed the har- 
monious beauties of his original versification. To give the 
learner some clue to guide him through these intricacies, an 
alphabetical table is added of the words in Homer, which, 
either constantly or generally admit the Digamma in the 
initial Vowel. 



aya> 


aXojfii. 


aprj. 


ayvofU. 


avds. 


aptarov 


ad id. 


avdavw. 


apveg. 


akr)[±i. 


apatoq. 


a<rrt>. 


alts. 


iipdio. 

E. 




i. 


edvoq. 


etxoGt. 


5» 

eap. 


eldico. 


efxa). 


edvov. 


eldio. 


elXap. 


edetpa. 


eldwXov. 


elXico. 


20ev. 


etxeXoq. 


£tXua>. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Ill 



eihjcfdco. 


iXUwxeq. 


zpyov. 


elkco. 


DJ.GGCO. 


epyco. 


eifia. 


Vaos. 


epoco . 


ttpym. 


&Kk : 


IpujfW 


e"pco. 


9 -j 
BA7ZCO. 


eppio. 


IttTXCO. 


£ACO. 


kpoco. 


*za0ev. 


tXtop. 


iaOr^. 


ixdq. 


iXdtptov. 


laOoq. 


exaaroq 


ever 01. 


£<j-£poq 


exaroq. 


EWOfU. 


iaria. 


exr/.oq. 


eocxa. 


erapaq. 


ixTjTi. 


tSg. 


err^. 


ixupoz. 


inos. 


ezoq. 


ixa». 


er. co. 


hcocfioq. 


Hs6q. 


epyjia. 


ico. 


IXutes. 


iprvvot. 





H. 



r/J'J^. 


Tjxa. 


rjoco. 


fyw/f. 


TjOoq. 


lp. 


7-l'oq. 


r jP a. 



"H P r t . 
rjpiov. 



ldyr r 


Iviov, 


lay to 


y 
LOV. 


lop>z. 


iovOds 


UfiOJL 


'IptS. 


Ixzhtz. 




bcpdf. 


IfJTjfU. 


"««•* 


7*0*. 


he*. 


Ig/.co. 




icrrtrj. 



I (77 CO p. 

fox**. 

hicu 

V 

true. 
left. 
If Ufa 

icorj. 

IWXTJ. 



112 





GREEK 


: RUDIMENTS. 
0. 




oapeq. 




olvoq. 


ooXo$, 


oldpa. 




ft. 


ovpov, 


olxoq. 




oh. 


B<p. 



ovXapoq. 



zxs. 



wq. 



The Latin Dialects naturally adopted the iEolic Digamma, 
which it expressed generally by V, as will be seen in the 
following list : — 



ayo/xatj vagor. 
alcbVj sevum. 
dXcony]^, vulpes. 
% Aopvoq, Avernus. 
A^aiog, Achivus. 
aa), aveo. 
fiiou), vivo* 
ftozq, boves. 
dloq, diuus. 
e"d£a) } video. 
eixdrtj viginti. 
eXu), volvo. 
e/xw, vomo. 
hdixw, vindico. 
iverot, veneti. 
ev-epoq, venter, 
epxw, vergo. 
epoq, servus. 
spot, verto. 
eaOyq, vest is. 
taxi pa, vesper a. 



* Ear la, Vesta. 
eroq, vetus. 
rip, ver. 
iqoq, viscus. 
tov } viola. 

lq, VIS. 
fa), ivi. 
xdco, cavo. 
xepaoq, cervus. 
xXelq, clavis. 
xopoq, corvus. 
Xaibq, IcBVUS. 
Xaprj, larva. 
XsToq, lev is. 
?,o6oj ) lavo. 
Xbajy solvo. 
LLdXrjy malva. 
fidopoq, Mavors. 
pdw, moveo. 
valoq, nsevus. 
vaoq, navis. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 113 

vioq, novus. naupoq, parous, 

vixaj, vinco. Tpia>, privo. 

olxoq, vicus. plot, riuus. 

oTsoq, vi/ium. cxaioq, ssevus. 

oiq, ovis. raws, pavo. 

0X10, volvo. olrj, sylva. 

oyh>~) vulgus. ua>, uvesco. 

oiv j voveo. wow j ovum. 

Sometimes the Digamma is represented by other letters, 
among which we meet B: as, quid, dubiuni) pd)co, robur ; 
ucu, liber. 

C : as, ezepa, cetera. 

F: as, ayopa, forum; oinXoq, famulus; alios, fells; *vs$ y 
funes; uoj, fiuo. 

R : as, t 3or n Boreas; sucj, uro; V.aoq, hilaris ; [±va~, 
murex ; iiouadwv, musarum ; vobq, nurus, &c. 

In English, the Digamma has become W : as, vtos y new ; 
vinum, wine; fistula, whistle; vespa, wasp; via, way. It 
is pronounced without being written in the word one. 

V : as, vabq, nave, &c. 



FINIS. 



10* 



' 864. 



STANDARD SCHOOX. BOOHS, 

Published by 3Iurphy & Co., 178 Market St., Baltimore. 
KERNEY' S POPULAR SCHOOL BOOKS. 

Ix calling public attention to the following works by Mr. Ker.vey, the publishers deem it 
unnecessary to enlarge on their respective merits. The author's experience as a teacher for a 
number of years, enabled him to acquire a practical knowledge of the wants of pupils in pur- 
suing the different branches of learning. The very liberal patronage extended to them, and 
the favor with which they have been received, especially by many practical Tbarher*, and their 
immediate introduction into several of the principal institutions of learning in the country, 
is the best evidence of their practical utility. 

A liberal discount to Booksellers, Teachers, &c, when purchased in quantities. 

A Compendium of Ancient and Modern History, with Questions, 

adapted to the use of Schools and Academies; also an Appendix, containing the De- 
claration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, a Biographical 
Sketch of Eminent Personages, with a Chronological Table of Remarkable Events, 
Discoveries, Improvements, etc., from the Creation to the year 1S50. By M. J. 
Kernet, A. If. Tenth revised Edition 12mo, hf. arabesque, 75 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

The Compendium of History, by M. J. Kerney, has been in my possession several months nr. 1. 
after a careful reading, I believe it to be a very useful book in the department of study to which it 
belongs. I take pleasure in recommending it to teachers. 

J. N. MJILTON, Chairman Central High School of Baltimore. 

I have carefully examined " Kerney' s Compendium of History," and " Kerney' s Abridgment of 
Murray's English Grammar.''' I have the pleasure to inform you that they have both been intro- 
duced into the Public Schools in our citv. I take great pleasure in recommending them to the atten- 
tion of Teachers. J. F. CALLAN, Trustee Public School 2d., Washington, D.C. 

ney's Compendium of History" condenses much matter in a small compass ; and. as a school 
bffk. is calculated to interest and please the student; while it makes him master of the principal 
and most important facts of Ancient and Modern History. To speak of its merits comparatively, I 
think it equal, if not superior, to any of its kind within my knowledge. JOS. EL CLARK, A. ML 

Having carefully perused the " Conipendium of Ancient and Modern History," by M. J. Kerney, 
I feel no hesitation in stating it to be. in my opinion, one of the best arranged work's for the 
schools and academies that I have seen. JAMES SHANLEY, 5iJ Conway street, Bait. 

EXTRACTS FROM NOTICES OF THE PRESS. 

" Onr leisure has not served us to enter into a very critical examination of Mr. Kerney's volume : 
we have looked through it with some attention, and must confess that we have been faVorably im- 
pressed with its merits. In the History, more especially, where it is impossible to avoid the relation 
of facts touching various religious creeds, the compiler seems to have scrupulously refrained front 
any remark that could arouse sectarian prejudice— a fault in which too many of'those who have 
given their labors to the compilation of school histories have been prone to indulge." 

j\atio)ial Intelligencer. 

" This very useful work was compiled for the use of schools and academies, and fully meets the 
wants it was intended to supply ; we therefore shall not only adopt it in the schools under our own 
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"We confess ourselves well pleased with this volume, and helieve it is destined to find favor in the 
sphere for which the author has designed it. Its style is didactic and terse, and while agreeable to 
the cultivated intellect, is adapted to the humblest comprehension. There is one characteristic of 
the work which plea-es us above all others, and that is the studied care with which the author 
avoids all allusions and comments that might be in the slightest decree wounding to the r 
■enjtMlltieu of members of any creed. This is a great desideratum in books deaigned for sol 
the aril of sectarianism, so manifest in most of our elementary class books, has been Ion g and 
loudly POM pi Pined of. We cannot but hope that this work will he acceptable to our citizens. I 
of its fitue-s for the OP j eo U for which the author designed it. becau-c of its impartial charact 
because it is the production of a worthy and intelligent member of our own community." 

U. S. Catholic Magazine. 

" It if a work containing much useful information, and, as a school book, and Tor general 1 
reference, it will he found invaluable." Baltimore Am* 

" A cursory examination of this volume has led us to form a very favorable opinl n of it* merits as 
a school beak." CmtkoMe Heratd, 

" Wfl noticed some month- age the ftr*t rdition or this work, and are much gratified to Bnd, from 
the apeedj appearance of the second, that our anticipations of its oomptete I I ■' vain. 

U> ii'jt only Bheci fully, but earnestly recommend it to the tavoral.le notice of tutor, and director! of 
school* aud academi> St. Louis \cus- Letter. 

" As an elementary treatise, this work will, we should suppose, be, and UBBurvudlv M, a Favorite in 
onr schools. The appendix of biographical notices of prominent individuals is an original and de- 
sirable addition to the book." J.utln ran Observer. 

" It fills a place loug vacant in our school books. Its style is good, plain, and easy ; It is well con- 
densed, and the narrative correct aud justly sustained." " Fred. Hsim. 

" Mr. Kerney has done good sendee to the cause of education and general Intelligence in preparing 
this valuable work." Odd Fmmwf JHnW. 

23 



Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 

The First Class Book of History, designed for pupils commencing 

the Study of History ; with Questions, adapted to the use of Academies and Schools. 

By M. J. Kerney, A. M. Eighth revised edition 25 

At the earnest request of many -who used the author's Compendium of Ancient and Modern History, 
he compiled the above work. It is chiefly designed for pupils about to enter upon a course of his- 
torical study. In the arrangement of the work, and in the general matter of contents, the author 
has pursued that course which his long experience in teaching has pointed out as the best to facili- 
tate the progress of the pupil in acquiring a knowledge of history. 

As the history of our own country possesses peculiar attractions, he has placed the history of th« 
United States first in the order of arrangement, so that it may first claim the attention of the 
young. This is suceeeded by an interesting account of the most important events in the history of 
England, France, Ireland, and Italy, together with an interesting view of the Middle Ages, the 
Crusades, and Monastic Institutions. 

The work is embellished with a number of Engravings, and has questions at the bottom of each 
page to facilitate the labor both of the teacher and pupils. 

Catechism of the History of the United States; with a Chronological 

Table of American History, from its Discovery in 1492, to the year 1854. Illustrated 
with Engravings. Revised and enlarged Edition. By M. J. Kerney, A. M. 24mo, paper 13 
The peculiar merits of this little History are to be found in the accuracy of its details, and in the 
adaptation of its style and arrangement to the capacity of that class of learners for which it was 
designed. The favor it has been received with, and its extensive circulation, are the best comments 
on its merits— nearly 15,000 copies having been disposed of within two years. The present edition 
has been carefully revised and enlarged ; and in order to render the work more attractive, a num- 
ber of appropriate and instructive engravings have been introduced. These improvements add 
much to its merits, and render it far superior to any work of the kind now before the public. 

" This is likely to prove a popular book for primary history classes in our schools. It is well ar- 
ranged, compact, and comprehensive, and cannot be too highly praised." Detroit Vindicator. 

" This little work is well calculated to give the learner a succinct knowledge of the leading events in 
the history of the American Republic, from its first discovery down to the present year. It is admi- 
rably adapted for the use of schools." Halifax Catholic. 

A Catechism of Scripture History, compiled by the Sisters of Mercy 

for the use of the children attending their schools. Revised and corrected by M. J. 

Kerney, A. M. Second American, from the last London Edition .... 18mo, hf. cloth 50 

" The preface to this work informs us that it was originally compiled for the use of the pupils 
attending the schools of the Sisters of Mercy in the city of Limerick, Ireland. It has been revised 
by Mr. H, J, Kerney, and a valuable appendix added, containing some pages of extracts from the 
prophets, with the evidence from the New Testament of the fulfilment of the predictions given, 
placed in juxtaposition with the prophetic sentences. It is an admirable book for schools, and cal- 
culated to give a far more vivid and lasting knowledge of sacred history than could be obtained from 
years of desultory and mechanical ' Bible-reading.' " Detroit Vindicator. 

" This excellent work is now used in nearly all Catholic institutions throughout England and Ire- 
land, and has also acquired an extensive circulation throughout the neighboring republic. 

44 The object of the Catechism, according to the preface ' is to render children early acquainted 
with the truthful and interesting events recorded in the sacred Scriptures; to familiarize them 
with the prophecies relating to the coming of the Messiah, and lead them to regard the Old Testa- 
ment as a figure and a foreshadowing of the New.' 

" The present edition has been much improved, the questions to the answers being made more 
concise, so as to admit of their being easily committed to memory. An appendix has also been 
added, containing extracts from the Prophets, Scripture texts, and short sketches of the lives of 
Ihe Apostles and Evangelists. The Chronological Table, which has been carefully revised and con- 
siderably enlarged, fixes the dates of the most remarkable events recorded in the Sacred Writings. 

" We hope soon to see the work introduced into all Catholic Schools in the British Provinces, and 
were its merits fully known we are pretty certain it would meet with a circulation similar to that 
which it has acquired in England and the United States." Halifax Catholic. 

" This little school-book, compiled by the Sisters of Mercy, and revised by M. J. Kerney, fills a 
want which has existed too long. The importance of an exact history of the principal events related 
:iu the Bible, is one which all will acknowledge, and the friends of Catholic education are under spe- 
cial obligations to the compilers, as also to the reviser and publisher of this work." South. Journal. 

" Of the merits of the book itself, it would be superfluous to speak, but we may observe that th« 
labors of the American editor have added very considerably to its value." Metropolitan. 

Q~J* The foregoing works, which form a complete series of School Histories, the publishers are 
fcappy to state, have met with very liberal patronage. 



24 



Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 

FREDET' S UNIVERSAL HISTORIES, &c. 

The distinguished and wide-spread reputation of the author as an historian and Professor of 
History in St. Mary's College for the last twenty years;— the universal favor with which these works 
have been received, and their immediate introduction into many of the principal literary institu- 
tions in the United States, precludes the necessity of giving many of the numerous complimentary 
and flattering testimonials that have been so freely extended to them, both in this country, and in 
England, where they are extensively used. 

CJ 3 Prof. Fredet' s Histories have been adopted as Text-Books in the Irish University. 
Ancient History: from the dispersion of the Sons of Xoe. to the Battle of Ac- 
tium, and the change of the Roman Republic into an Empire. By Peter Fkedet, 
D. D., Professor of History in St. Mary's College, Baltimore. Fourth edition, care- 
fully revised and enlarged" 12uio S3 

Modern History: from the coming of Christ, and the change of the Roman lie- 
public into an Empire, to the year of our Lord, 1854. By Peter Fredet, D. D., 
Professor of History in St. Mary's College, Baltimore. Tenth enlarged and improved 
edition 12mo. S3 

Xew and Improved Editions, ca.refidly revised and corrected by the Author. 

These two volumes for a Complete Course of History, or a continuous chain of 
Historical Events, from the Creation of the World to the Year 1S54. 

The publishers are happy to announce that they have just issued new, enlarged, and improved 
editions of the above works, in uniform style. Each volume contains upwards of five hundred pages, 
and may justly be considered the cheapest, most authentic, and reliable histories published. 

The London Catholic Standard says: " These two excellent manuals of history have a wide and 
increasing circulation in America, and are everywhere held in the highest esteem. The compiler, 
Dr. Fredet, has achieved a task of no ordinary difficulty, in compressing so much recondite in- 
to so small a space ; in leaving untold nothing that was of note of the immense and varied annals 
of the world. No college, school, or library ought to be without these excelleut works." 

The Duhlin Telegraph says: " Fredet's Histories have been adopted, as a class-book, by the Irish 
Catholic University; and we entertain no doubt, that they will soon supersede, even in other estab- 
lishments, those miserable compilations which wilful perverters of truth have long palmed upon the 
public — both Catholic and Protestant — as histories and abridgments of histories." 

The Dublin Tablet says : " These two volumes are plain, copious, and useful summaries of history, 
and the number of editions through which they have passed attest their popularity." 

The CAfkoHc i : " "We hope these Histories will soon find their way into every literary 

institution among us, in order that the young may learn the past from pure and uncorrupted sources." 

The Catholic Stntiiul says : " These beautiful treatises are quite deserving of the patronage which 
they obtain. They are most commendable for their Christian and unbiassed spirit. And we are not 
ed that Dr. Fredet has his name taken up by the Irish University, proud that America Las 
made therein such an inroad upon the abridged histories heretofore existing." 

The Metropolitan says : " The style is veritably charming by its simplicity, and by the quiet love of 
Lcb the reverend author constantly displays. It is the language of a* talented ■ 
•eachcr, who relates to his class the great events of time, succinctly but graphically, without 
bombast, yet in a lively and picturesque manner. It is thus that history should be w ritteu for youth." 

Lingard's England Abridged, for the Use of Schools. 

An Abridgnu •< S lory of England. By John Lingard, D.D. "With a con- 

tinuation frr.m 1688 to the reign of Queen Victoria, by James Burke, Esq., A.H. 
With Marginal Notes, adapted to the use of schools in the United States, bj M. J. 

Kkknkv, A. M 12mo, half arabesque 1 00 

An abridgment of Dr. Ungnrd'l great work, adapted to the use of schools, has been long and 

SAxioi - The publishers lake great pleasure in inviting the car 

Ceatioa of tL»- tools, sad others interested iu the cause of educatiou, to this edition. 

Although Li . i ass been nearly half ■ cenfturj i^fore the publ 

by him be erroneous, while the critics of all creeds have joined in ex] 

• work. la ityle without s ■upertor, In truthfuln 
Lingsj . model of what an historian ib 

add that the student will and thai I 

:. religiously preserved in the Abridgment, 
tattoo *<• -bail merely wiy that it has been written by an author who ha- be □ 

. in literature. Geei confident that Mr. Burke will b 

to hare written rit which dictated the 

r the British ( 
limes, the lit! latlTes, and the marginal notes, will 

the iiu<-r. -t Of the work, and will be found DSefttl by way of reference. 

'/. will) Ql 

ork is u.»ed iu the Public Schools of Baltimore, and is strongly recommended by the Com- 



27 



Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 
IRVING'S SERIES OF SCHOOL CATECHISMS, IN TWELVE PARTS. 

Revised by M. J. Kerney, A. M. 

The long-established reputation of Irving's Catechisms, and the very extensive circula- 
tion which they have had, not only in England, but also in this country, is the best proof of their 
utility. The plan of his works is the very best that could be adopted. The catechetical form 
of instruction is now admitted by the most experienced teachers, to be the best adapted to 
the nature and capacity of youth ;— a system by which children will acquire a knowledge of 
a science in less time than by any other. 

Murphy & Co., having become the publishers of this standard and highly popular series of Cate- 
chisms, wish to inform the public that they have issued entirely new editions, with all new disco- 
veries and modern improvements in each branch, under the careful supervision of M. J. KERNEY, 
Esq., who has prepared for the series a CATECHISM OF THE HISTORY OP THE UNITED 
STATES— an entirely new work. 

The following constitute the Series : 
Astronomy : containing the Motions, Magnitude, Periods, Distances, and other 
Phenomena of the Heavenly Bodies, founded on the laws of Gravitation. With en- 
graved Illustrations 13 

This little volume possesses the peculiar merit of reducing to the comprehension of children the 
principles of a difficult, but, at the same time, a most interesting science. It explains the solar 
system, the courses and the revolutions of the planets, eclipses, the theory of tides, and many other 
interesting astronomical principles. 

Botany : containing a Description of the most familiar and interesting Plants, 
arranged according to the Linnasan System, with an Appendix on the formation of 

an Herbarium. With engraved Illustrations 13 

This popular little work is intended for children who are about to enter on the study of the in- 
teresting science of Botany. The plan of the work is admirably adapted to that class of learners 
for which it is designed. It presents to the mind of the pupil, in an easy and attractive style, the 
various beauties of the science, and the many advantages to be derived from its study. 

Practical Chemistry : being a Familiar Introduction to that interesting Science 
— with an Appendix, containing many safe, easy, and pleasing Experiments. With 
engraved Illustrations 13 

This little treatise is admirably adapted for those who are about to enter on the study of Chemis- 
try, being a familiar introduction to that science. The grand and leading principles of chemical 
knowledge are explained on a plan that will be found to be both interesting and instructive. 
Though originally designed for the young, it will be found to contain lessons that may be read with 
pleasure and profit by the more advanced in years. 

Mythology : being a Compendious History of the Heathen Gods, Goddesses, and 
Heroes ; designed chiefly as an Introduction to the Study of the Ancient Classics. 
With engraved Illustrations 13 

To the English scholar this work will prove highly interesting; but to the classical student it 
will be found a most desirable compendium. It embraces all that is interesting or important in the 
subjeet of which it treats ; while, at the same time, the brevity and clearness of its style render it 
preferable to other works of the same kind which are of much greater dimensions. 

Classical Biography: containing an Account of the Lives of the most Celebrated 
Characters among the Ancient Greeks and Romans. With engraved Illustrations ... 13 
To the classical student, in particular, the above named work Avill be found to possess peculiar 

merits. It presents, in a small compass, the most interesting events in the lives of those whose 

Dames have cast a lustre over the historic pages of Greece and Rome. 

History of the United States : with a Chronological Table of American History, 

from its discovery in 1492, to the year 1854 13 

This valuable little work comprises within a small compass all the most important and interest- 
ing events in the history of the United States, from the discovery of America to the present time. 
The arrangement and style are admirably adapted to the capacity of children about to commence 
the study of history. It is sufficiently comprehensive for that class of learners for which it is de- 
signed. From its instructive pages the child will learu to revere the names and imitate the actions 
of those illustrious men of America who have gone before us in the path of usefulness and of fame. 

Grecian History: from the Earliest Times to the Period when Greece became a 
Roman Province. With engraved Illustrations 13 

Roman Histm-y : containing a concise Account of the most Striking Events, from 
the Foundation of the City to the Fall of the Western Empire. With engraved 

Illustrations 13 

These two works contain all the most important and interesting events in the history of 

Greece and Rome. As introductory works, to be placed in the hands of children, they will be found 

to possess peculiar merits. The arrangement and style are happily adapted to that class of learners 

for which they are designed. 

Catechism of Sacred History : Abridged for the use of Schools, translated from the 
French, by a Friend of Youth: designed to accompany Irving's Series of Catechisms 13 

28 



Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 

History of England : containing the most Striking Events from the Earliest Pe- 
riod to the Present Time 13 

This work comprises, in a few pages, the most important events in the history of England, from 

a period prior to the invasion of the Romans to the present time. The present edition has been 

carefully revised and corrected ; every thing reflecting on the American character has been erased, 

and every thing of a sectarian nature has been removed. 

Jeici.<h Antiquities : containing an Account of the Classes, Institutions, Kites, 

Ceremonies, Manners, Customs, &c, of the Ancient Jews. "With engraved Illustrations 13 
Grecian Antiquities: being an Account of the Religion. Government, Judicial 
Proceedings, Military and Naval Affairs, Dress, Food, Baths, Exercises, Marriages, 
Funerals, Coins, Weights, Measures, &c, of the Greeks — to which is prefixed a De- 
scription of the Cities of Athens and Sparta. With engraved Illustrations 13 

Roman Antiquities ; or, An Account of the Religion, Civil Government, Military 
and Naval Affairs, Games, Names, Coins, Weights and Measures, Dress, Food, Exer- 
cises, Baths, Domestic Employments, Marriages, Funerals, and other Customs and 
Ceremonies of the Roman People; with a Description of the Public Buildings of the 

city of Rome. With engraved Illustrations 13 

The above works are highly interesting in themselves, and may be read with pleasure and profit 
by every member of the community. But for the classical student they possess particular attrac- 
tions. For his benefit they were chiefly intended, and years of experience prove that they are pe- 
culiarly adapted to the end for which they were designed. A familiarity with the laws, manners, 
and customs of the ancient nations will often render clear and explicit the most obscare passages, 
so frequently met with in the authors of antiquity. 

CLASSICAL BOOKS, &c. 

En calling attention to the following Works, it is deemed it sufficient to state, that the pre- 
sent editions have been issued nnder the careful supervision of the eminent Professors of 
St. Mary's College, Baltimore, and may justly be considered the best and cheapest editions 
published. 

Epitome HUtoria $"crce Auctore, L'homond, edito X<>ra Prosodia, signes vo- 
cumque interpretation adornata 30 

As an elementary work, Historian Saerae is beyond exceptions. The easy arrangements of its 
style in the beginning, and the gradual introduction of the Latin construction, relieve the pupil of 
mui-h embarrassment and labor, and tend in a material degree to facilitate his advancement. 

This possesses advantages over any previous edition. The vocabulary has been carefully revised, 
and the work has received such improvements as greatly enhance its merits. 

Phoz<1ri A'igusti Liherti Fabularum yEsopium. LihriQuinque 30 

A new edition, carefully revised and greatly improved. 

This little work has long been held in high estimation in our colleges and schools. The many 
moral and interesting lessons it contains render it a text-book peculiarly adapted to the young ; and, 
indeed, no work couid be better designed to initiate the pupil into the study of Latin poetry. 

De Viris BhuMbus Urbis R<>mai„ A Romulo ad Augustum, Auctore L'homond, 

in Uuiversitate, Puriaiensi Pro/essore Emerito .y 38 

This work possesses the rare quality of being admirably adapted to the capacity of those com- 
mencing the study of the Latin language, without deviating from the purity of the Latin style. 
The materials of which it is compiled are most interesting and instructive in their nature, thus 
affording the pupil the double advautage of acquiring a knowledge of the Latin tongue, and, at the 
same time, of .-turiug his mind with histories] facts. 

This edition has been lately revised, and put into a neat, convenient form. These improvements, 
it is believed, will add to its merits, and will tend to advance the pupil in his study. 

Falls Choitiet de la Fontaine, Nouvelle Edition 63 

Few works have elicited more general admiration, or have been more generally used in schools, 
than the Fables of La Fontaine. For the pupil engaged in the study of the French language they 
peculiar advantages. Many beautiful and moral lessons are inculcated iu a style at ones 
easy and attractive, while, at the same time, a taste for poetical composition is cultivated. 

This edition has been carefully revised, and contains much desirable improvement. 

Iiuf/'!imnn\< Hud i merits of tfie Latin Tongue ; or a Plain and Easy Introduction 
to Latin Grammar: wherein the principles of the language are methodically digested, 
both in the English and Latin. With useful Notes and Observations. Thirtieth K<li- 

ejost, Corrected "„ti I mpr oved. By Wm. Mann, If. A 12mo, half arab. 38 

The cheapest and best Latin grammar published. 

F.l m ntos de Siologio, Eh-inents of Pyschology 75 

Pizarro's frUkyMM Boiect Original Dialogues, er Bpanisk rod English Conver- 
sations: followed )>y ;i collection of pieOM in prose and verse — adapted to the 

use of Spanish classes in tnhooli rod scademies. By J. A. Pizabro, Professor 
of the Spanish Language In .St. Marj*i College, Baltimore. Third edition, im- 
proved and snlarged by the author l'iino 75 

This new edition of a very popular work, by one of the DMMt (liltiSfnighefl instructors in th« 
••untry, is greatly Improved, and particularly adapted to tbe present style uf teaching and self-tin- 
movement. Tbe prior editions have bOOOBM established as .standard in some of the best institution* 
*a the United States, and tbe present doubles its advantages. 

3* 29 



LIST OF STAWDAED SCHOOL BOOKS, 

Published by Murphy & Co., 178 Market street, Baltimore. 

Kernels First Ctass Book of History 25 

Catechism History of the U. States ]3 

Compendium of Ancient and Modern History 75 

Abridgment of Murray's Grammar and Exercise 15 

Introduction to Columbian Arithmetic 13 

Columbian Arithmetic ...... 38 

Murray's English Grammar — complete 20 

Murray's Grammar, abridged for the use of beginners 13 

Murray's English Reader — 18mo. . 25 

A Catechism of Scripture History, revised by M. J. Kerney, A. M 50 

Elements of Algebra, by B. Sestini, S.J . 50 

A Treatise on Algebra, by B. Sestini, S. J 75 

A Treatise of Analytical Geometry, by B. Sestini, S.J 1 25 

An Abridgment of Lingard's History of England, 1 00 

FredeVs Ancient History, ...... 88 

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McSherry's History of Maryland , 75 

Epitome Historia, Sacra .' 30 

Viris Illustribus Roma 38 

rh<zdri Fabuloe 30 

Fables Choisies de La Fontaine . 63 

Ruddiman's Latin Grammar, (the cheapest and best published) 38 

Rudiments of the Greek Language : upon the basis of WettenhaU 50 

A Catechism of Sacred History — abridged by a friend of youth 13 

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Elcmentos de Sicolozio, Elements of Psychology 75 

Pizarro's Dialogues, Spanish & English 75 

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Silabario Castellano, para el Uso de los Ninos, 18$ 

Silabario Castellano, para el Uso de J as Ninas, 18| 

New and Improved Editions, nearly ready. 

G-EZRS^AjNT school books. 

ABC und Buckstabir und Lesebuch 13 

Katholischer Katechismus 19 

Biblische Geschichte des Alten und Neuen Testamentes 25 

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